The Plesiosaur Site Plesiosaur References Acosta-A., Carlos Eduardo, Huertas-G., Gustavo and Ruiz-C., Pedro M.; 1979 Noticia Preliminar Sobre el Hallazgo de un Presunto Kronosaurus (Reptilia: Dolychorynchopidae) en el Aptiano Superior de Villa de Levia, Columbia ; Lozania (Acta Zoologica Columbiana) ; 28 ; 1-10 Adams, Dawn A.; 1994 Trinacromerum bonneri , a new Polycotylid Plesiosaur from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota and Wyoming Adams, Dawn A.; 1997 High-speed swimming adaptations in the pliosaur Trinacromerum bonneri from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 17 (3, Suppl.) ; 28 ; in : Fifty-seventh annual meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology; abstracts of papers Adams, Dawn A.; 1997a Trinacromerum bonneri, new species. Last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway ; Texas Journal of Science ; 49 (3) ; 179-198 Abstract The Pierre Shale represents the final days of the Western Interior Seaway before its regression at the end of the Mesozoic, and records the last of the marine reptiles that dominated the seas much as their contemporary dinosaur counterparts dominated the land. Trinacromerumbonneri , n.sp., is the first pliosaur (short-necked plesiosaur) to be described from this formation in the northern Great Plains; as such it represents the final radiation of polytcotylid plesiosaurs in North America. Pliosaurs have long been regarded as particularly high-speed swimmers, but in T. bonneri this trend is carried to an extreme. Development of the longest wingfins known in pliosaurs maximised its velocity. Unique limb and vertbral structures resisted pressures of the surrounding water that were generated by its own swimming velocity. Such adaptations include tongue-and-groove articular surfaces between critical limb elements and highly interlocking vertebrae. Adams, Dawn A.; 1997b High-speed swimming adaptations in the Pliosaur Trinacromerum bonneri from the Pierre shale of Wyoming and South Dakota ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 17, Supplement to Number 3 (Abstracts of Papers, Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting) ; 28a. ; in : Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, October 8-11 Adamson, Mike; 1996 Building horizon's Elasmosaurus - Messing around with a vinyl marine reptile ; FineScale Modeler (November 1996) ; 60-63 Agassiz, Louis; 1846 ? Aitcheson, J. C., Campbell, J. D. and Stilwell, J. D.; 1993 Cretaceous/Tertiary geology and macropalaeontology of the Waianakarua district, North Otago, New Zealand ; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand ; 23 (1) ; 43-54 Alafont, L.S. and Sanz, J. L.; 1996 Un nuevo sauropterigio (Reptilia) en el Triasico de la Sierra de Prades (Tarragona) ; Cuadernos de Geologia Iberica ; 20 ; 313--329 ; in : Permico y Triasico de la peninsula iberica; II Alafont, L.S.; 1995 Parque triasico ; Tierra y Tecnologia ; 11 ; 49--53 Alafont, L.S.; 1999 Reptiles del triasico ; 143-159 ; in : La huella del pasado; fosiles de Castilla-La Mancha Albers, P.C.H. and Rieppel, Oliver; 2003 A new species of the sauropterygian genus Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk ; Journal of Paleontology ; 77 Alberti; 1827 ? ; ? Albright, L. Barry, Gillette, D. D., Titus, Alan L. and Graffam, Merle H.; 2001 New pliosaur records from the Cretaceous (Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 21 (3, Suppl.) ; 27 Albright, L. Barry, Gillette, D. D. and Titus, Alan L.; 2002 New records of vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Tropic Shale of southern Utah ; Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America ; 34 (4) ; 5 ; in : Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section, 54th annual meeting Allen; 1949 Notes on Wealden Bone-Beds ; Proceedings of the Geologists Association, London ; 16 ; 275-283 Almy, K.; 1987 Thof's dragon and the letters of Capt. Theophilus H.Turner, M.D., U.S. Army. Kansas History ; Kansas History ; 10 ; 170-200 Ambayrac; 1913 Megalneusaurus non nicaeenis Amberoggi, R. and Arambourg, C.; 1951 Sur le Maestrichtien et l'Eocene inferieur de la vallee du Sous (Sud Marocain) ; Comptes Rendus de l'Acad‚mie des Sciences, Paris ; 232 ; 170-171 Ameghino, F.; 1896 Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina ; Geological Magazine, London ; (4)IV ((391)) ; 4-20 Anderson, Kate; 2002 Tooth marks on the propodials of the Plesiosauroid Cryptoclidus eurymerus (Reptilia : Sauropterygia) ; MSc Thesis (University of Bristol Andrews, C. W.; 1895a On the Development of the Shoulder-girdle of a Plesiosaur ( Cryptoclidus oxoniensis , Phillips, sp.) from the Oxford Clay ; Annals of the Magazine of Natural History ; Xv ; 333-346 Andrews, C. W.; 1895b The Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles of Muraenosaurus plicatus ; The Annals and Magazine of Natural History ; sixth series (96) ; 31-434. Andrews, C. W.; 1895c Note on a Skeleton of a Young Plesiosaur form the Oxford Clay of Peterborough ; Geological Magazine, London ; Decade IV, Vol, II (Vi) ; 241-243 Andrews, C. W.; 1896 On the Structure of the Plesiosaurian Skull ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 52 ; 246-253 Andrews, C. W.; 1896a Note on the pelvis of Cryptoclidus oxfordensis (PHILLIPS) ; Geological Magazine, London ; Decade IV (III) ; 145-148 Andrews, C. W.; 1896b On the Structure of the Plesiosaurian Skull ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 52 ; 246-253 Andrews, C. W.; 1897 On the Structure of the Skull of a Pliosaur ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 53 ; 177-185 Andrews, C. W.; 1909 On some new Plesiosauria from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough ; Annals of the Magazine of Natural History ; 8 (9) ; 418-429 Andrews, C. W.; 1910 A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part I. ; 215pp. Andrews, C. W.; 1910b On the Structure of the Roof of the Skull and of the Mandible of Peloneustes , with some remarks on the Plesiosaurian Mandible generally ; Geological Magazine, London ; 8 ; 160-164 Andrews, C. W.; 1910d Note on a Mounted skeleton of a small Pliosaurus Peloneustes philarchus , Seeley, sp ; Geological Magazine, London ; 110-112 Andrews, C. W.; 1911 Description of a new plesiosaur ( Plesiosaurus capensis ) from the Uitenhage beds of Cape Colony ; Annals of the South African Museum ; 7 ; 309-322 Andrews, C. W.; 1913 A descriptive catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part II ; 205pp. Andrews, C. W.; 1922a Description of a New Plesiosaur from the Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex) ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 28 ; 285-298 Andrews, C. W.; 1922b Note on the Skeleton of a large Plesiosaur ( Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni , sp n.) from the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire. ; Annals of the Magazine of Natural History ; 9 (10) ; 407-415 Anonymous; Summary of holdings - RAASAY PLESIOSAUR ; catalogue of Leicester University geololgy collections Anonymous; (date unknown) University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge - Catalogue Anonymous; (not known) List of plesiosaur references Anonymous; (not known) List of plesiosaur references Anonymous; 1833 Museum of Gideon Mantell, esq, of Lewes, in Sussex, England ; American Journal of Science ; 23 ; 162-179 Anonymous; 1849 Plesiosaurus found at Whitby ; Illustrated London News (26 May 1849) ; 367 Abstract PLESIOSAURUS FOUND NEAR WHITBY This very interesting relic of a former world was mentioned in our Journal short time since; and we have now the pleasure of figuring it from an outline obligingly forwarded for that purpose. It is a fine specimen of the Plesiosaurus macrocephalus found in the Kettleness Alum Works, belonging to the Marquis of Normanby, a few miles north of Whitby, in Yorkshire. Anonymous; 1878 New Zealand Institute tenth annual report, 1877-1878 ; Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute ; 11 ; 577-582 Anonymous; 1905 The American Paleontological society. Section A-Vertebrata. ; Science ; XXI (530) ; 294-298 Anonymous; 1934 Superstition, Sciences' Jackel ; Science News ; Letter for March 10, 1934 ; 159 Anonymous; 1964 O Neocretacico e o Cenozoico do litoal de Angola, part II, ; Reptiles ; 131-195 Anonymous; 1980 The worst curated geological object?!. ; The Geological Curator ; 2 (9-10) ; 553-559 Anonymous; 1989b Fossil Babies or Little Adults? ; Natural History ; December, 1989 ; 62-63 Anonymous; 1992 Prehistoric sea dragons 'perfect' ; Southern Evening Echo ; 1-4 Anonymous; 1994b Return of the sea dragons ; Geology Today ; September-October ; 166-167 Anonymous; 1995a Saskatchewan town has bone to pick over fossil removal ; Fossils in the News, Alberta Palaeontological Society, Bulletin ; Volume 10 (Number 4) ; 8 Anonymous; 1995b A New Pliosaur for Peterborough ; Mercian Geologist ; 13 (4) ; 155 Anonymous; 1995c Australian Marine Reptile to Receive Rightful Recognition ; The Fossil Collector ; Bulletin 45 ; 17-18 Anonymous; 1996a Conservation: How not to look after your plesiosaur ; Geology Today ; July-August ; 138-139 Anonymous; 1996b Opinion 1831, Plesiosaurus rugosus Owen, 1840 (currently Eretmosaurus rugosus ; Reptilia, Plesiosauria): neotype designated ; Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ; 53 (1) ; 70-71 Anonymous; 1997 Jurassic bulk ; 15 ; 19 Anonymous; 1998 Fossil Finds ; The Antarctic Sun (Nov 8 1998) ; 3 Abstract In conjunction with the A rgentine A n t a rc t i c Institute, re s e a rchers will be excavating Mosasaur and Plesiosaur fossils and searching for Hadrosaur fossils on Ve g a Island near the A n t a rctic peninsula. Last year, this team discovered the only Hadrosaur fossils outside the Americas, demonstrating a significant land bridge between the Americas and A n t a rctica. They are also evidence of a complex and extensive plant ecosystem on land in the region which was then at a high southern latitude, not unlike its current position. Anonymous; 1998 Nothosaurus Munster, 1834 (Reptilia, Sauropterygia); given precedence over Conchiosaurus Meyer, (1833) ; The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ; 55, Part 3 ; 197--198 Anonymous; 1998 Plesiosaurs ; Adams museum web site Anonymous; 1998a Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota ; Geological Society Special Publication (No. 47) ; 121-130 Anonymous; 1999 A New Zealand Plesiosaur ; NZ Legacy ; 11 (1) ; 21 Anonymous; 2000 Leicester Museums Services Catalogue Anonymous; 2002 Musings - Friends of Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery Newsletter No 31 Applebly, R. M., Charig, Alan, Cox, C. B., Kermack, K. A. and Tarlo, L. B. H.; (date unknown) Reptilia. ; Chapter 28 ; 695-731 ; in : The Fossil Record Ed(s) : Michael J. Benton Arambourg, C.; 1952 Les vert‚br‚s fossiles des gisements de phosphates (Maroc - Alg‚rie - Tunisie). ; Notes et M‚moires du Service g‚ologique du Maroc ; 92 ; 1-372 Arambourg, C., Dubertret, L, Signeux, J and Sornay, J; 1959 Contributions ... la stratigraphie et ... la pal‚ontologie du Cr‚tac‚ et du Nummulitique de la marge NW de la P‚ninsule arabique. ; Notes et M‚moires sur le Moyen-Orient ; 7 ; 193-251 Archer, Michael and Molnar, Ralph E.; 1984 Origins and early radiations of reptiles ; 311-329 ; in : Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia (animals in space & time) Ed(s) : Michael Archer and Georgina Clayton Arkell, W. J.; 1933 The Jurassic System in Great Britain Arthaber, G.; 1924 Die Phylogenie der Nothosaurier ; Acta Zoologica ; Bd. V ; 439-516 References B Baird, D.; 1966 Rare marine reptiles from the Cretaceous of New Jersey ; Journal of Paleontology ; 40 ; 1211-1215 Baird, D.; 1984 No ichthyosaurs in Late Cretaceous of New Jersey...Saskatchewan ; The Mosasaur ; 2 ; 129-134. Baird, D.; 1986 Late Cretaceous Reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland ; The Mosasaur ; III ; 63-85 Bakker, Robert T.; 1987 Three boundary extinctions in Cretaceous vertebrate guilds ; Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada; 1987 jomt annual meeting; ; PA (12) ; 23 Bakker, Robert T.; 1993 Plesiosaur Extinction Cycles -Events that Mark the Beginning, Middle and End of the Cretaceous ; Geological Assioation of Canada ; Special Paper 39 ; 641-664 Abstract It is well known that mass extinction of plesiosaurs and other giant marine reptiles marks the end of the Cretaceous Period. However, published phylogenies give the impression that most of the Jurassic and Cretaceous was a time of quiet continuity in plesiosaurian history. A rigorous reappraisal of cladistic patterns, using skull and atlas-axis structure, shows that plesiosaurs suffered very marked extinctions in the mid-Jurassic and at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, when the long-necked plesiosaur clades suffered total or near total extinction. Contrary to traditional phylogenies, the Late Cretaceous long-necked plesiosaurs - Family Elasmosauridae.- are not the direct descendants of the Late Jurassic long-necked clades, but, instead, are descendants of a short-necked plesiosaur stock that survived the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary extinctions. The dominant long-necked plesiosaurs of the Late Jurassic, the muraenosaurs and cryptocleidids, are not the direct descendants of the dominant long-necked clades of the Liassic, but rather represent a short-lived clade that shows neotenic features in the skull At every plesiosaur extinction event, there is a nearly synchronous event among the other clade of fast-swimming marine reptiles, the ichthyosaurs. The most specialized; ultra-fast ichthyosaurs become extinct at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. During the mid-Cretaceous extinctions, the last ichthyosaurs disappear and are replaced by a radiation of small, very fast, microdont plesiosaurs. The Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior is an unusual environment because, among marine reptiles, the long-bodied ambush predator guild greatly outnumbers the guild of fast-swimming predators, suggesting the presence of a huge area of algal forest. Extinctions among marine reptiles at the terminal Cretaceous event follow a pattern seen all through the Mesozoic: the most specialized, fast-swimming clades disappear completely, but the less specialized, near-shore clades show only partial extinction, and the freshwater-estuarine clades show no extinction. Bakker, Robert T.; 1994 Jurassic Sea Monsters ; Discovery ; 14 (9) ; 78-85 Bakker, Robert T.; 1995 Jurassic sea monsters ; 276-281 ; in : Current issues in geology; selected readings; 1995 edition Ed(s) : Michael L. McKinney and Robert L. Tolliver Balsamo-Crivelli; 1864 ? ; ? Bardack, D.; 1967 Fossil vertebrates from the Marine Cretaceous of Manitoba ; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ; 5 ; 145-153 Bardet, Nathalie and Cuny, Giles; 1993 Triassic reptile faunas from France ; Paleontologia Lombarda ; 2 ; 9--17 ; in : Evolution, ecology and biogeography of the Triassic reptiles; acts of the workshop Ed(s) : Jean Michel Mazin and Giovanni Pinna Bardet, Nathalie and Godefroit, Pascal; 1995 Plesiosaurus houzeaui DOLLO, 1909 from the Upper Campanian of Ciply (Belgium) and a review of the Upper Cretaceous plesiosaurs from Europe. ; Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique, Sciences De La Terre ; 65 ; 179-186 Abstract The holotype of Plesiosaurus houzeaui DOLLO, 1909 consists of plesiosaurian bones, discovered in the Spiennes Chalk (Upper Campanian) of the Ciply area (Mons Basin, Belgium). The description of the type material shows that Plesiosaurus houzeaui is an invalid species based on heterogeneous elasmosaurid and also probably non- elasmosaurid plesiosaurian material. A review of plesiosaurian material previously described from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe indicates that Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae are represented. Polyptychodon is the only valid genus of plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe. Bardet, Nathalie and Godefroit, Pascal; 1998 A preliminary cladistic analysis of the Plesiosauria ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 18 (3, Suppl.) ; 26 ; in : Abstracts of papers; fifty-eighth annual meeting; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Ed(s) : J. Michael Parrish Bardet, Nathalie and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; 1996 Las faunas de reptiles marinos del cretacico final de Europa (margen norte del Tetis mediterraneo) ; Revista Espanola de Paleontologia ; 11 (1) ; 91--99 Bardet, Nathalie and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; 2002 Marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous Phosphates of Jordan: palaeobiogeographical implications ; Geodiversitas ; 24 (4) ; 831-839 Abstract Marine reptiles, including mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles and crocodilians, from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Phosphates of Ruseifa, Jordan, are reviewed on the basis of both historical collections and new discoveries. Mosasaurids are represented by mosasaurines (Globidens sp.), plioplatecarpines (Platecarpus ptychodon Arambourg, 1952, Prognathodon giganteus Dollo, 1904) and the basal Halisaurus Marsh, 1869. Indeterminate remains of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, chelonioid turtles and crocodyliformes also occur. The marine reptile faunas from Jordan are reminiscent of those from the Late Cretaceous Phosphates of the Middle-East and of the southern margin of the Mediterranean Tethys in general Bardet, Nathalie and Termier, Genevieve; 1990 Premiere description de restes de Plesiosaure provenant de Madagascar (Gisement de Berere, Campanien) ; Comptes Rendus de l'Acad‚mie des Sciences, Paris ; 3120 (serie II) ; 855-860 Abstract Des vertebres provenant du Campanien de Berere (Madagascar) sonl decriles ct rappro-chees de la famille Elasmosauridae (Reptilia, Plesiosauroidea). L'ordre Plesiosauria ayant ete seule-ment signale mais jamais decrit a Madagascar, cette premiere etude permet de confirmer sa presence sur cette lie et d'etendre son aire de repartition geographique dans les regions gonchvaniennes. Abstract - Vertebra from the Campanian of Berere (Madagascar) are described and referred to the family Elasmosauridae (Reptilia, Plesiosauriodea). The order Plesiosauria had previously heen reported from Madagascar but no descritptin had heen given. This first description permits to confirm its presence on this island and to extend its geographical distribution in the Gondwanan regions. Bardet, Nathalie; 1991 Muraenosaurus leedsii SEELEY (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) dans le le Callovein du Calvados (France) ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 7 ; 402-408 Bardet, Nathalie; 1992 Stratigraphic evidence for the extinction of the ichthyosaurs ; Terra Nova ; 4 ; 649-656 Bardet, Nathalie; 1993 Une mandibule de Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) dans le Kimmeridgien du Boulonnais (France) ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 7 ; 385-392 Bardet, Nathalie; 1994 Extinction events among Mesozoic marine reptiles ; Historical Biology ; 7 (4) ; 313--324 Bardet, Nathalie; 1994 Pliosaurs And Plesiosaurs From the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Normandy ; Revue de Pal‚obiologie ; Vol. Sp‚c.No.7 ; 1-7 Abstract The Middle Jurassic (Callovian) formations of "Marnes d'Argences" and "Marnes de Dives" in Normandy, stratigraphically equivalent to the Oxford Clay of England, have yielded a rich marine reptile fauna. Sauropterygians are abundant and represented by both pliosaurs (Liopleurodon ferox, Liopleurodon cf. L. pachydefrus, Simolestes vorax, Peloneustes philarchus) and plesiosaurs (Muraenosaurus leedsi, Cryptocildus eurymerus, Tricleidus seeleyl). These species have been reported previously from the Oxford Clay of England. Bardet, Nathalie; 1994a New data on Oxford Pliosaurs ; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers ; in : Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting, Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Bardet, Nathalie; 1994b Extinction events among Mesozoic Marine Reptiles ; Historical Biology ; 7 ; 313-324 Bardet, Nathalie; 1995a Evolution et extinction des reptiles marins au cours du Mesozoique ; Palaeovertebrata ; 24 (3-4) ; 177--283 Bardet, Nathalie; 1995b Reptiles Marins ; Geochronique ; 53 ; 10 Bardet, Nathalie; 1995c Evolution et extinction des Reptiles marins au cours du Meszoique ; Palaeovertebrata ; 24 (3-4) ; 177-281 Bardet, Nathalie; 1996 Simolestes nowackianus HUENE, 1938 from the Late Jurassic of Ethiopia is a teleosaurid crocodile, not a pliosaur ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 2 ; 65-71 Bardet, Nathalie; 1996a Simolestes nowackianus HUENE, 1938 from the Late Jurassic of Ethiopia is a teleosaurid crocodile, not a pliosaur ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 2 ; 65-71 Bardet, Nathalie; 1996b Las faunas de reptiles marinos del Cretacico final de Europa (Margen Norte Del Tetis Mediterraneo) ; Revista Espanola de Paleontologia ; 11 (1) ; 91-99 Bardet, Nathalie; 1998 A preliminary cladistic analysis of the plesiosauria ; JVP September 1998 - Abstracts ; 18 (3) ; 26A Bardet, Nathalie, Pennetier, Gerard and Pennetier, Elisabeth; 1991 Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) dans le Callovien du Calvados (France) ; Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Monatshefte ; 1991 (7) ; 402--408 Bardet, Nathalie, Mazin, Jean-Michel, Cariol, Elie, Enay, Raymond and Krishna, Jai; 1991 Les Plesiosauria du Jurassique sup‚rieur de la province de Kachchh (Inde) ; Comptes Rendus de l'Acad‚mie des Sciences, Paris ; 313 (serie II) ; 1343-1347 Abstract The Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from Kutch Province are discussed; a portion of a vertebral column from the Upper Kimmerigian is described and referred to the Cryptoclididiae (Plesiosauroidea). Thaumatosaurus indicus (Lydekeker 1877) known by a mandibular symphysis from the Tithonian is redescribed and referred to Simolestes indicvus (Pliosauridae, Pliosauroidea). This leads to an extension of the palaeogeographical distribution of these families. Bardet, Nathalie, Pennetier, Gerard, Pennetier, Elisabeth and Queromain, J.; 1993 Presence du Pliosaure Liopleurodon ferox Sauvage dans le Jurassique moyen (Callovien) de Villers-sur-Mer, Normandie ; Bulletin Trimestriel de la Societe Geologique de Normandie et des Amis du Museum du Havre ; 80 (3-4) ; 11--14 ; in : Journees Lennier; Objets rares ou enigmatiques en sciences de la terre Bardet, Nathalie, Lachkar, G. and Escuille, F.; 1994 Presence a l'Oxfordien de Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia, Pliosauridae) determine par les donnees palynologiques ; Revue de Micropaleontologie ; 37 (3) ; 181--188 Bardet, Nathalie, Corral, J. Carmelo and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; 1999 Marine reptiles from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Lano Quarry (Iberian Peninsula) ; Estudios del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava ; 14 ; 373--380 ; in : Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Cretaceous vertebrate-bearing beds of the Lano Quarry (Basque-Cantabrian region, Iberian Peninsula) Bardet, Nathalie, Godefroit, Pascal and Sciau, J.; 1999 A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Southern France ; Palaeontology ; 42 (Part 5) ; 927-952 Abstract Plesiosaurus tournemirensis Sciau, Crochet and Mattei, based on a nearly complete skeleton with skull from the Upper Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Tournemire (Aveyron Department, southern France), is here redescribed and reinterpreted. Comparisons with other plesiosaurs indicate that it belongs to a new genus, Occitanosaurus. O.tournemirensis is characterised mainly by it's spatulate premaxillae and short facial process, very high post-orbital broadly contacting posterior ramus of the maxilla, trapezoidal jugal excluded from the orbital margin, orbit diagonally oriented, temporal fenestrae with a sigmoidal anterior margin, 43 cervical vertebrae, powerful interclavicle-clavicle complex, and coracoids with a pointed protuberance on the lateral border and expanded posterolateral cornea. Cranial and cervical vertebra features show that this new genus is undoubtedly a representative of the Elasmosauridae. A preliminary cladistic analysis of this long-necked genus reveals that, within Elasmosauridae, Occitanosaurus is a close relative of Microcleidus and Muraenosaurus Bardet, Nathalie, Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Jalil, Nour-Eddine; 2003 A new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Morocco ; C. R. Paleovoll ; 2 ; 307-315 Abstract A new Polycotylidae (Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of southern Morocco is described. Thililua longicollis gen. et sp. nov. is based on a complete cranium and 37 associated vertebrae. It differs from other polycotylids in several cranial and especially vertebral characters, such as the occurrence of 30 cervical vertebrae, whose centra are nearly as long as high and bear laterally longitudinal ridges. Thililua is the first polycotylid hitherto found in Africa and under subtropical palaeolatitudes. Barrett, L.; 1859 On the Atlas and Axis of the Plesiosaurus ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; 78-80 Bartholomai, A.; 1966a The Discovery of Plesiosaurian Remains in Freshwater Sediments in Queensland ; Australian Journal of Science ; 28 (11) ; 437-438 Bartholomai, A.; 1985 Kronosaurus queenslandicus Longman, 1930; the giant fish lizard ; 147-151 ; in : Kadimakara; extinct vertebrates of Australia Ed(s) : Pat V. Rich and G. F. van Tets and month{January Bassani, F.; 1886 Sui Fossili e sull'eta delgi schista bituminosi Triasici di Besano in Lombardia ; Ati Soc. Ital ; XXIX ; 15-72 Bauer, Aaron M and Russell, Anthony P.; 1993-1996 A living Plesiosaur? A critical assessment of the description of Cadborosaurus willsi ; Cryptozoology ; 12 ; 1-18 Baur, G.; 1887 On the phylogenetic arrangement of the Sauropsida ; Journal of Morphology ; 1 (1) ; 93-104 Bazhanov, V S; 1958 [Concerning a pliosaurs and ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic of western Kazakhstan] ; Materialy po Istorii Fauny I Flory Kazakhstana ; 2 ; 72-76 Beard, J Carter; 1901 Something about ancient American saurians ; Scientific American ; 85 ; 267 Beckary, Sophie; 1992 Le pliosaure de Marquise ; Ann Soc. Geol du Nord ; 1 (2) ; 153-155 Beckary, Sophie; 1992a Le Pliosaure de Marquise ; Annales de la Societe Geologique du Nord ; 1 (4) ; 153--155 Bell, Gorden L and Polcyn, Michael J.; 1996 Distribution of the lizard, Coniasaurus, in the Western Interior Cretaceous seaway and its paleoecological implications ; Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America ; 28 (4) ; 2 ; in : Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section, 48th annual meeting; abstracts with programs Bell, Gorden L, Sawyer, J. Foster and Martin, James E.; 1996 New Records of Vertebrate occurrences in the Carille Shale (Turonian) of Southwestern South Dakota ; Abstracts With Programs, The Geological Society of America, 48th Rocky Mountain Section, with Rocky Mountain Section of the Paleontological Society of America and Southwest Section of the National Association of Geoscience Teachers: 2. Beltan, L., Calzada, S., Via Boada, L. and Villalta, J.; 1898 On the Ladinian biotas from Northeastern Spain ; Geochronique ; 30 ; 36 Beneden; 1882 ? ; ? Bennett, S. C.; 1990 Inferring stratigraphic position of fossil vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas ; 43-72 ; in : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Niobrara Chalk Excursion Guidebook Ed(s) : S. Christopher Bennett Benton, Michael J. and Taylor, Michael Alan; 1984 Marine Reptiles from the Upper Lias (Lower Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of the Yorkshire Coast ; Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ; 44, Part 4 (29) ; 399-429 Abstract Fossil Marine reptiles have been collected in some abundance from several sites along the Yorkshire coast over the last 225 years. Much of this material has remained unstudied and there is confusion over the provenance of most specimens. A detailed study of early collectors' reports has revealed the sources of some specimens and others have been dated by means of associated ammonites and matrix. A complete list of all specimens known to us is given, and these include 55 crocodiles, 69 ichthyosaurs 33 plesiosaurs and one pterosaur. Reptiles are rare in the Lower and Middle Lias of Yorkshire. The richest horizons are within the Upper Lias (Lower Toarcian, Whitbian) with 14 specimens from the Jet Rock Formation and 144 from the Alum Shales Formation (predominantly the main Alum Shales). Tue best localities have been the Whitby-Saltwick section (137 specimens) and the old Alum quarries at Kettleness (5 specimens) and Loftus (4 specimens). The faunas from these sites are unrivalled in the Upper Lias of Britain, and they show significant differences from the Upper Lias faunas of SW Germany (e.g. Holzmaden) and France. Benton, Michael J.; 1979 Ecological succession among Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tetrapods ; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ; 26 ; 127-150. Benton, Michael J.; 1990 Reptiles, Chapter 12 ; Evolutionary Trends ; 279-300 Benton, Michael J.; 1992 The Middle Triassic reptiles of England ; Palaeontology Newsletter (No. 16) ; 11 Benton, Michael J.; 1993 Reptilia ; 681-715. ; in : The Fossil Record Ed(s) : Michael J. Benton: Benton, Michael J.; 1995 Fossil Reptiles of Great Britain ; Geological Conservation Review Series ; 386pp. Benton, Michael J.; 1997 Reptiles ; 637-643 ; in : Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Ed(s) : Philip J. Currie and Kevin Padian Benton, Michael J., Warrington, Geoffrey, Newell, Andrew J. and Spencer, Patrick S.; 1994 A review of the British Middle Triassic tetrapod assemblages ; 129-160 ; in : In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Ed(s) : Nicholas C. Fraser and Hans-Dieter Sues Bigot, A.; 1939 Sauropterygiens du Jurassique du Calvados ; Bulletin de la Soci‚t‚ G‚ologique de France ; 5 (8) ; 631-637 Bilbey, Sue Ann, Hall, E. and Welles, Samuel P.; 1990 Pliosaurian plesiosaur found in Redwater Member of the Stump Formation (Jurassic-Oxfordian) of northeastern Utah ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 10 (3, Suppl.) ; 14A ; in : Abstracts of papers; Fiftieth annual meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Blake; 1876 Rhomaleosaurus propinquus ; ? Blodgett, Robert B., Weems, Robert E. and Wilson, Frederic H.; 1995 Upper Jurassic reptiles from the Naknek Formation, Alaska Peninsula; a glimpse into Alaska's own "Jurassic Park" ; Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America ; 27 (5) ; 6 ; in : Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, 91st annual meeting Bogoliubov, N. N.; 1909 Ob ostatkakh dvukh presmykayuschikhscy ( Crytpoclidus simbirskensis n.sp. & Ichthyosaurus steleton n.sp.) naydennykh profes. A. P. Pavlovym na Volge. V Simbirskikh mezozoynykh otlozheniyakh. ; Ezheg. Geol. Miner. Ross. ; 11 ; 42-64 Bogoliubov, N. N.; 1911a ON the history of Plesiosaurs in Russia [in Russian] ; 412 pp Bogoliubov, N. N.; 1911b Sur quelques restes de deux Reptiles ( Cryptoclidus simbirskensis n. sp. et Ichthyosaurus steleodon n. sp.), trouves par Mr. Le Profes. A. P. Pavlow sur les bords de la Volga dans les couches mesozoiques de Simbirsk. Bogoliubov, N. N.; 1912 Sur la pr‚sence de l' Elasmosaurus et du Polycotylus dans les d‚pots de la Russie ; Ann. Geol. Min. Russia ; 14 ; 174-176 Bogolobuv, N. N.; 1912a Sur les pl‚siosaures du Jura Sup‚rieur de la Russe ; Ezheg. Geol. Miner. Ross. ; 14 (1) ; 1-4 (in Russian) 4-7 (in French) Bonaparte, Jose F.; 1978 El mesozoico de America del Sur y sus Tetrapodos ; Opera Lilloana ; 26 ; 1-596 Abstract A review of South American Tetrapods - suborder plesiosauria, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs Bonaparte, Jose F.; 1980 Los vertebrados tetrapodos de limite Jurasico-Cretacio ; Actas Cong. argent. Pal. Biostrat., I Cong. Latinoamericano Pal. Buenos Aires ; 77-88 Bonner, O. W.; 1964 An Osteological study of Nyctosaurus and Trinacracmierum with a description of a new species of Nyctosaurus Boulenger, G. A.; 1891 ? Boulenger, G. A.; 1896 On a Nothosaurian Reptile from the Trias of Lombardy, apparently referable to Lariosaurus ; Transactions of the Zoological Society of London ; XIV. Prt I (1) ; 1-10. Bousfield, E. I. and LeBlond, P. H.; 1995 An account of Cardborosaurus willsi, new genus, new species, a large aquatic reptile from the Pacific Coast of North America ; Amphipacifica ; 1 (Supplement 1) ; 3-25 Boy, J. A.; 1981 Zur Anwendung der Henningschen Methode in der Wirbeltierpalaontologie ; Pal"ont. Z. ; 55 (1) ; 87-107 Bradshaw, M. A., Lobb, A. J., Cave, M. P. and Watson, K.; 1992 Catalogue of type and figured fossils in the Geology Department, Canterbury Museum. ; Canterbury Museum bulletin ; 8 ; 1-113 Brandes, Theodor; 1908 Plesiosauriden aus dem Unteren Lias von Halberstadt ; Palaeontographica ; LXI ; 41-55 Abstract Remains of three Plesiosaurs to date the only examples of this group of reptiles in from Northwest Germany have been found in the lower Lias of the Kanonenberg near Halberstadt. Two individuals are represented only by isolated limb bones, but a third more complete skeleton was obtained by Mr. JOHANNES MAAK in the year 1899. It is now kept in the St"dtischen Museum of Halberstadt as the property of the research community. The primary purpose of this paper is to proved an accurate diagnosis and description of this skeleton, whose significance has been very much underestimated. The restoration gives the observer no clear impression of number and quality of the bones, and there has been no opportunity to discuss the incomplete material. Some remarks on the affinities of the Liassic plesiosaurs resulting from an examinination of the literature are appended. Braun, J. and Reif, Wolf-Ernst; 1982 A new terminology of aquatic propulsion in vertebrates ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 164 ; 162-167 Braun, J.; 1836 Notes on fossil animals ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 360-361 Brazier, Ron, Keyes, Ian W. and Stevens, Graeme; 1990 ; in : The great New Zealand fossil book; pictures of ancient life in an evolving land Breithaupt, Brent H.; 1985 Nonmammalian Vertebrate faunas from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming ; 159-175 ; in : Thirty-Sixth Annual Field Conference-1985, Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook: Brenner, K. and Seilacher, Adolf; 1978 New aspects about the origin of the Toarcian Posidonia shales ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 157 ; 11-18 Brenner, K.; 1976 Biostrainomische Untersuchungen im Posidonienschiefer (Lias epsilon, Unteres Toarcium) von Holzmaden (Wrtemberg, Sd-Deutschland) ; Zbl. Geol. Pal"ont. (2) ; 223-226 Brinkman, Donald B., Tarduno, John, Friedman, Matt and Currie, P. J.; 2003 A non-marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian-Coniacian) Canadian High Arctic ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (3, Suppl.) ; 36 Broadhurst, F. M. and Duffy, L.; 1970 A plesiosaur in the Geology Department, University of Manchester ; Museums Journal ; 70 ; 30-31 Broadhurst, F. M.; 1971 A plesiosaur in the geology department, University of Manchester ; Museums journal ; 70 ; 30-31 Broili; 1927 ? Broom, R.; 1921 On the Structure of the Reptilian Tarsus ; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London ; 143-155 Broom, R.; 1922 On the Temporal Arches of the Reptilia ; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London ; 17-26 Brown, David S. and Bardet, Nathalie; 1994 Plesiosaurus rugosus Owen, 1840 (currently Eretmosaurus rugosus ; Reptilia; Plesiosauria): proposed designation of a neotype ; Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ; 51 (3) ; 247-248 Abstract The purpose of this application is to conserve the specific name of Plesiosaurus rugosus Owen, 1840 in accordance with its accustomed understanding and usage by the designation of a neotype. The specimen proposed (no. BMNH 14435 in the Natural History Museum, London) was described and figured by Owen in 1865. P. rugosus OWEN is the type species of Eretmosaurus SEELEY 1874 Brown, David S. and Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1994 The skull of the Callovian Plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymeurus and the sauropterygian cheek. ; Palaeontology ; 37 (Part 4) ; 941-953 Abstract Mechanical preparation of a relatively complete new skull specimen of Cryptoclidus eurymerus has revealed the palate and cheek regions for the first time, permitting a more accurate reconstruction to be given. The wider phylogenetic implications of differing cheek and orbit configurations in sauropterygians are discussed and a cladogram given: the Cryptoclididae and the remaining plesiosauroids are sister groups deep ventral cheek excavation arose through loss of the diapsid lower temporal arch and is a shared derived character of cryptoclidids, whereas an enlarged orbit and narrow vertical jugal bar are apomorphies. The palatal and mandibular structure of Crjptoclidus is derived in comparison with pliosauroids: coronoids, prearticulars, suborbital fenestrae and the large pterygoid flange are all absent. These differences relate to feeding habit: Cryptoclidus fed on small soft-bodied prey, and shows no adaptations for resisting torsional forces upon the jaws. Underwater olfaction similar to the pliosauroid system may have been present in Cryptoclidus Brown, G. H. and Field, B. D.; 1985 Lithostratigraphy of Late Cretaceous to Early Pleistocene rocks of northern Canterbury, New Zealand ; New Zealand Geological Survey record ; 6 ; 1-63 Brown, David S. and Keen, John A.; 1991 An Extensive Marine Vertebrate Fauna from the Kellaways Sand [Callovian, Middle Jurassic] of Lincolnshire ; Mercian Geologist ; 12 (2) ; 87-96 Abstract Vertebrate bones and teeth, hitherto scarce in Kellaways Beds, have been recovered in relative abundance from temporary exposures of the Kellaways Sand east of Lincoln. The fauna includes eleven taxa of sharks including Lissodus leiodus, Palaeospinax and a hemiscyllid genus; nine taxa of bony fishes including Heterolepidotus ; plesiosaurs referable to the families Elasmosauridae [ Muraenosaurus ], Cryptoclididae [ Cryptoclidus ] and Pliosauridae [ Liopleurodon ] ; and the marine crocodiles Metriorhynchus and Steneosaurus . The fragmentary material extends the British and Callovian faunal list and indicates that some new species may be present. The reptile specimens and some of the fishes occur as associated disarticulated skeletons. Brown, Barnum; 1904 Stomach stones and food of plesiosaurs. ; Science ; 5 (20) ; 184-185 Brown, Barnum; 1913 A new plesiosaur, Leurospondylus , From the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta ; Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History ; 32 ; 605-615 Abstract (First paragraph) One of the most interesting specimens secured by the American Museum expedition to Alberta in 1912 is a plesiosaur found associated with dinosaur remains high up in the brackish water Edmonton Beds. This specimen extends the history of the group considerably later in time than any heretofore recorded and so far as known marks the termination of this group of Mesozoic reptiles. Heretoforeto no marine vertebrates have been recorded above the Fox Hills. Brown, David S.; 1981a Dental Morphology and function in plesioaurs ; J. Dent. Res. (June 1981) Brown, David S.; 1981b The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria ; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology ; 35 (4) ; 253-347 Abstract English Upper Jurassic marine reptiles of the superfamily Plesiosauroidea are reviewed in depth. Four genera and six species are recognized and described from previously known material, these being Cryptoclidus eurymerus (Phillips) C. richardsoni (Lydekker) Muraenosaurus leedsii (Seeley), Muraenosaurus beloclis (Seeley). Tricleidus seeleyi Andrews and Colymbosaurus trochanterius (Owen). In addition a skull from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset is described as Kimmerosaurus langhami gen. et sp. nov. The genus Cryptoclidus is described first and is taken subsequently as a model for comparison with other genera. A restoration of the skeleton of C. eurymerus is offered, and the skulls of Cryptoclidus, Tricelidus and Kimmerosaurus are reconstructed for the first time. A further three generic and twenty--five specific names are listed, discussed and rejected: some are junior synonyms but most are nomina dubia. Published work on the phylogeny and classification of the order Plesiosauria is reviewed critically. Differing family-level classifications have been produced through the arbitrary weighting of differing characters of the postcranial skeleton. Thirty-eight plesiosaur characters used by taxonomists are discussed in the light of the present work and of these fifteen (seven being skull characters) are of importance in distinguishing phyletic lineages. The evolution and phylogeny of the Plesiosauria is discussed three main lineages are identified and a new classification is proposed The order is divided into two superfamilies and four families. The Pliosauroidea represent one line of evolution and contain the single family Pliosauridae. The Plesiosauroidea contain an ancestral family (Plesiosauridae) and two descendant families (Cryptoclididae and Elasmosauridae) Diagnoses of these groups are given and referred genera listed. The Cryptoclididae comprise the genera Cryptoclidus and Kimmerosaurus together with the South American Upper Cretaceous genus Aristonectes cabrera , hitherto considered an aberrant pliosaur. The genera Muraenosaurus, Tricleidus and Colymbosaurus are primitive elasmosaurs, as also is the English Lower Jurassic genus Microcleidus Watson Brown, David S.; 1983 Discovery of a specimen of the plesiosaur Colymbosaurus trochanterius (Owen) on the Island of Portland ; Proceedings - Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society ; 105 ; 170 Brown, David S.; 1984 Discovery of a specimen of the plesiosaur Colymbosaurus trochanterius (OWEN) on the Island of Portland. ; Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings ; 105 ; 170 Brown, David S.; 1993 A taxonomic reappraisal of the families Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae (Reptilia : Plesiosauroidea) ; Revue de Pal‚obiologie ; Vol. Sp‚c.No.7 ; 9-16 Abstract Recent studies of the cheek region of European Middle and Upper Jurassic plesiosauroid genera indicate that two differing configurations are found. In elasmosaurs the jugal is a horizontal and largely surrounded element, whereas in cryptoclidid plesiosaurs it forms a vertical bar separating the orbit from the infratemporal fossa. These characters are described and correlated with characters of the anterior cervical vertebrae. New diagnoses for the families Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae are given, and the likely primitive states of key taxonomic characters are discussed. Tricleidus and Colymbosaurus (formerly elasmosaurs) are now classified as cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Tricleidus is a primitive genus and is included tentatively on implicit evidence for its cheek structure. Colymbosaurus shows parallel evolution with elasmosaurs, having elongated the neck by an increase in number of vertebrae without acquisition of elasmosaurid cervical characters. Brown, David S., Milner, Angela C and Taylor, Michael Alan; 1986 New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset ; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology ; 40 (5) ; 225-234 Abstract New specimens of the Kimmeridgian cryptoclidid plesiosauroid Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown provide additional data on the morphology and ontogeny of the skull, and the anterior cervical vertebrae are newly described. An emended diagnosis is given and the possibility of the synonymy of Kimmerosaurus with the 'elasmosaur' Colymbosaurus, the only other British Kimmeridgian plesiosauroid, is considered. Browne, Montague; 1893 On some Vertebrate Remains not hitherto recorded from the Rhaetic Beds of Britain ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; LXII ; 748-749 Browne, Montague; 1894 On some Vertebrate Remains from the Rhatic Strata of Britain ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; held at Oxford in August 1894 ; 657-658 Browne, H. B.; 1946 Chapters of Whitby History 1823-1946. The Story of Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society of Whitby Museum Browne, H. B.; 1949 The Story of Whitby Museum; Abridged from Chapters of Whitby History 1823-1946 Bruhn, Rikke; 1999 Plesiosaurer og andet godtfolk pa Nordgronland ; Varv ; 1999 (4) ; 109--113 Brunet, Michael; 1970 Note preliminaire sur une faune de Vertebres du Callovien des environs de Poitiers ; Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie D: Sciences Naturelles ; 268 (22) ; 2667--2670 Brunner, J. C.; 1991 A Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates in the Field Museum of Natural History. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Ichnites. ; Fieldiana: Geology, New Series ; No. 22 Buchy, Marie-Celine, Frey, Eberhard and Salisbury, Steven W; 2002 Cross-sections through a rostrum: a new pliosaurs from Mexico and some questions about its "internal nares" ; SVPCA Poster Buchy, Marie-Celine, Frey, Eberhard, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang and L¢pez-Olivia, Jos‚ Guadalupe; 2002 First occurrence of a gigantic pliosaurid plesiosaur in the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Mexico ; Draft Paper Buchy, Marie-Celine, Frey, Eberhard, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang and L¢pez-Olivia, Jos‚ Guadalupe; 2003 First occurrence of a gigantic pliosaurid plesiosaur in the late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Mexico ; Bulletin de la Soci‚t‚ G‚ologique de France ; 174 (3) ; 271-278 Abstract Reinvestigation of a partial vertebral column from the Kimmeridgian La Caja Formation of Mexico, housed in the University of Linares (Mexico), and previously attributed to a dinosaur, proves to be from a very large pliosaurid plesiosaur. This specimen represents the first plesiosaur described from the Jurassic of Mexico. Its length has been estimated at 15 metres and, as a juvenile, is considered to be one of the largest Jurassic marine reptiles. The remains of this animal are here described. The morphology of the vertebral column is not diagnostic beyond family level. Large pliosaur vertebrae of a similar size are known from the Upper Jurassic of Europe, and are often referred to the genera Liopleurodon or Simolestes but these identifications are based only upon the size of the centra and have no taxonomic justification. A portion of rostrum with teeth was discovered together with the vertebral column but is unfortunately now lost. The Mexican pliosaur fills geographical and chronological gaps between western Tethys and South American pliosaurs, and is an additional support to the hypothesis of a Hispanic corridor linking at least temporarily the NW European marine province with the western South American marine (Pacific) realm during the late Jurassic. Buckland, William; 1822 ? ; ? Buckland, William; 1835 On the discovery of Coprolites, or Fossil Faeces, in the Lias at Lyme Regis, and in other Formations ; Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second series ; III ; 223-238 Buckman, S. S.; 1910 Yorkshire Type Ammonites Budney, Lisa A.; 2002 Convergent evolution of dental anatomy features of sauropterygians, ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs and toothed cetaceans ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 22 (3, Suppl.) ; 39A--40A ; in : Abstracts of papers; Sixty-second annual meeting; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Buergin, Toni, Rieppel, Oliver, Sander, P Martin and Tschanz, Karl; 1989 The fossils of Monte San Giorgio ; Scientific American ; 260 (6) ; 74--81 Buergin, Toni, Eichenberger, U., Furrer, Heinz and Tschanz, Karl; 1991 Die Prosanto-Formation eine fischreiche Fossil-Lagerstaette in der Mitteltrias der Silvretta-Decke (Konton Graubuenden, Schweiz) ; Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae ; 84 (3) ; 921--990 Buffetaut, Eric; 1981 A plesiosaur vertebra from the Chichali Formation (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) of Pakistan ; Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Monatshefte ; 1981 (6) ; 334--338 Buffetaut, Eric, Bulow, M., Gheerbrant, E., Jaeger, J. -J., Martin, M. and Mazin, Jean-Michel; 1985 Zonation biostratigraphique et nouveaux restes de Vertebres dans les <> (Oxfordien superier, Normandie) ; Comptes Rendus de l'Acad‚mie des Sciences, Paris ; t. 300, Serie II (No. 18) ; 929-932 Buffetaut, Eric, Tomasson, Raymond and Tong, Haiyan; 2003 Restes fossiles de grands reptiles Jurassiques et Cretaces dans l'Aube (France) ; Bulletin d'Information des Geologues du Bassin de Paris (June 2003) ; 40 (2) ; 33-43 Abstract The exploitation of clay and limestone quarries, as well as excavation works in connection with the canal from the Aube River to the Aube reservoir, have yielded remains of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous reptiles during the last decades of the 20th century. The specimens come from Dolancourt (Late Jurassic ichthyosaur), Unienville (early Barremian sea turtle, Iguanodon, and elasmosaurid), "Courcelles" (Clerey; middle Albian plesiosaur) and Vallentigny (Albian ichthyosaur). These finds are an addition to earlier ones, both from Aube and from neighbouring areas, and provide new evidence about the vertebrate fauna of the eastern Paris Basin in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Burgin, Toni, Rieppel, Oliver, Sander, P Martin and Tschanz, Karl; 1989 The Fossils of Monte San Giorgio ; Scientific American ; 260 (6) ; 74-81 Burgin, Toni, Eichenberger, U., Furrer, H. and Tschanz, Karl; 1991 Die Prosanto-Formation-eine fischreiche Fossil-Lagerstatte in der mitteltrias der Silvretta-Decke Kanton Graubunden, Schweiz ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 84 (No. 3) ; 921-990 Burmeister; 1861 ? ; ? References C Cabrera, Angel; 1941 Un plesiosaurio nuevo del cretaceo del Chubut ; Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Paleontologica ; II (8) ; 113-130 Calderon, Don Salvador; 1876 Enumeracion de los Vertebrados fosiles de Espana ; Anale de La sociedad Esponla De Historia Natural, Tomo Quinto: ; 413-443 Calderon, Don Salvador; 1877 On the Fossil Vertebrata hitherto discovered in Spain ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 33 ; 124-133 Caldwell, Michael W; 1996 Ichthyosauria: A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of diapsid affinities ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 200 (3) ; 361-386 Caldwell, Michael W; 1997 Limb osteology and ossification patterns in Cryptoclidus (Reptilia: Plesiosauroidea) with a review of sauropterygian limbs ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 17 (2) ; 295-307 Abstract Limb osteology and ontogenetic patterns of limb ossification are described for the plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymerus (Upper Jurassic: Callovian), and compared to those of other sauropterygians. Major features of limb ossification in Cryptoclidus are identified: 1) delayed mesopodial ossification; 2) alterations to the ossification sequence of the radius/ulna, tibia fibula, and some metacarpals and metatarsals: 3) the loss of perichondral bone from the margins of the radius/ulna. tibia/fibula, and some metacarpals and metatarsals; 4) altered bone morphology is correlated with loss of perichondral bone. Recognition of some of these features in basal sauropterygians, and their application to the study of limb elements in derived sauropterygians such as Cryptoclidus , alters traditional identifications of several bones. The conventional intermedium is re-identified as a centrale. The 'true' intermedium is found to be a small bone that is variably free, ossifies to the base of the radius forming a distinct process or ossifies to the base of the ulna. Additional endochondral ossifications are found along the preaxial and postaxial margins of the limb. These bones have perichondral bone on some margins. articulate with distinct facets on other limb elements and therefore cannot be dismissed as sesamoid ossifications. Bones conventionally identified as the 4th distal carpal, 4th distal tarsal and calcaneum are re-identified as the 4th metacarpal and the 4th and 5th metatarsals, respectively. Caldwell, Michael W; 1997b Modified perichondral ossification and the evolution of paddle-like limbs in Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 17 (3) ; 534-547 Caldwell, Michael W; 1997c Limb ontogeny and evolution in aquatic neodapsid reptiles: Developmental constraints and mesopodial ossification patterns ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 17, Supplement to Number 3 (Abstracts of Papers, Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting) ; 35a. ; in : Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, October 8-11 Caldwell, Michael W; 200 On the aquatic squamate Dolichosaurus longicollis Owen, 1850 (Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous), and the evolution of elongate necks in squamates ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 20 (4) ; 720-735 Abstract The marine squamate, Dolichosaurus longicollis, from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Chalk deposits of, southeast England is redescribed. The elongate neck of D. longicollis is produced by an increased number of cervical vertebrae. Cervical peduncles are elongate, curved and are not fused to the hypapophyses. There is no scapulocoracoid fenestra, the coracoid is not emarginated, and the scapula and coracoid are not fused. The splenial and angular articulate in a ball-and-socket joint similar to that of mosasaurs and Coniasaurus crassidens. The forelimb and pectoral girdle elements show evidence of reduction as compared to the pelvic girdle and rearlimb. Cladistic analysis of six mosasaur taxa, three 'aigialosaur' taxa, Coniasaurus crassidens, Coniasaurus gracilodens, and D. longicollis, using 66 characters, found 27 most parsimonious cladograms (MFCs): 122 steps; C.I. 0.648; H.I. 0.352; R.I. 0.669. A Strict Consensus Tree found support for the monophyly of the Mosasauridae and Aigialosauridae; sister-group relationships between coniasaurs, Dolichosaurus, Aigialosauridae and Mosasauridae are an unresolved polytomy. A Majority Rule Consensus Tree finds Dolichosaurus as sistergroup to (C. crassidens, C. gracilodens (Aigialosauridae (Mosasauridae))) in nine (33%) of the MFCs. Lack of support for a more inclusive Dolichosauridae composed of Dolichosaurus + (C. crassidens, C. gracilodens) is attributed to the incompleteness of the fossil remains of these three taxa. Presence/absence of a pectoral girdle currently defines the presence/absence of a neck. This definition is insufficient and hypapophyses are found more informative regarding taxic differences and transformational scenarios. The paleobiology of Dolichosaurus is reconstructed as similar to coniasaurs, nothosaurs, and modern sea snakes. Callaway, Jack M.; 1997 Part I: Ichthyosauria, Introduction (Part VI) ; 467-489 ; in : Ancient Marine Reptiles Ed(s) : Jack M. Callaway and Elizabeth L. Nicholls Campbell, J. D.; (date unknown) New Zealand Triassic Saurians. ; New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics ; 8 ; 505-509 Campbell, H. J.; 1984 New records and taxa of Permian and Triassic fossils from New Caledonia and New Zealand ; Alcheringa ; 8 (1-2) ; 151--167 Campbell, H. J.; 1988 New records and taxa of Permian and Triassic fossils from New Caledonia and New Zealand. ; Alcheringa ; 8 (1-2) ; 151-167 Campbell, H. J.; 1997 New Zealand's REAL nothosaur ; Newsletter - Geological Society of New Zealand ; 113 ; 72 Caragin; 1888 ? ; ? Carpenter, Kenneth; 1989 Dolichorhynchops not equal to Trinacromerium (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 9 (Supplement to Number 3) Carpenter, Kenneth; 1990 Upward continuity of the Niobrara fauna with the Pierre Shale Fauna ; 73-81 ; in : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Niobrara Chalk Excursion Guidebook Ed(s) : S. Christopher Bennett Carpenter, Kenneth; 1994 Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous Plesiosaurs ; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers ; in : Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting, Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Carpenter, S.; 1995 The discovery of a Wiltshire pliosaur ; Geology Today ; January-February ; 6-7 Carpenter, Kenneth; 1996a Sharon Springs Member, Pierre Shale (lower Campanian); depositional environment and origin of its vertebrate fauna, with a review of North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs ; PhD Thesis (University of Colorado Carpenter, Kenneth; 1996b A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, North America ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 201 (2) ; 259-287 Abstract New specimens of Pliosauridae and Polycotylidae are described, including the new genus Plesiopleurodon from the Lower Cretaceous. The polycotylids Dolichorhynchops and Trinacromerum are separated by autapomorphies in the skull of Dolichorhynchops. Only Trinacromerum and Dolichorhynchops are known from enough specimens to be biostratigraphically useful. Trinacromerum has about a 3.3 million-year range straddling the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, while Dolichorhynchops has a four million-year range in the Lowermost Campanian. Carpenter, Kenneth; 1997 Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous Plesiosaurs ; Chapter 7 (Part II) ; 191-216 ; in : Ancient Marine Reptiles Ed(s) : Jack M. Callaway and Elizabeth L. Nicholls Carpenter, Kenneth; 1999 Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior ; Paludicila ; 2 (2) ; 148-173 Abstract A review of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior recognizes only five valid genera and species: Elasmosaurus platyurus, Hydralmosaurus serpentinus, Libonectes morgani, Styxosaurus snowii, and Thalassomedon hanningtoni. Alzadosaurus kansasensis, A. pembertoni and Thalassonomosaurza marshi form an ontogenetic series of Styxosaurus snowii from the Smoky Hill Chalk and Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale. The holotype of the genus Alzadosaurus is synonyrnized with Thalassomedon, leaving "Alzadosaurus" columbiensis without a generic name, therefore a new name is proposed. A preliminary phyletic analysis of Pistosaurus, Plesiosauridae, Cryptoclididae, and Elasmosauridae is presented. Carroll, Robert L. and Gaskill, P.; 1985 The nothosaur Pachypleurosaurus and the origin of plesiosaurs ; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences ; 309 (1139) ; 343--393 Carroll, Robert L.; 1981 Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar ; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences ; 293 (1066) Carroll, Robert L.; 1984 The emergence of marine reptiles in the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ; 41-46 ; in : Third symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems; short papers Carroll, Robert L.; 1985 Evolutionary constraints in aquatic diapsid Reptiles ; Special Papers in Palaeontology ; 33 ; 145-155 Carroll, Robert L.; 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution ; 698pp. Carroll, Robert L.; 1994 Mesozoic Marine Reptiles as models of long term, Large scale evolutionary phenomena ; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers ; in : Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting, Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Carroll, Robert L.; 1997 Mesozoic Marine Reptiles as models of long-term, large-scale evolutionary phenomena ; Chapter 17. (Part VI) ; 467-489 ; in : Ancient Marine Reptiles Ed(s) : Jack M. Callaway and Elizabeth L. Nicholls Carte, Alexander and Baily, W. H.; 1863 Description of a New Species of Plesiosaurus, from the Lias, near Whitby, Yorkshire. ; Journal of the Royal Dublin Society ; 4 ; 160-170 Carte, Alexander; 1863 On a New Species of Plesiosaurus from the Lias near Whitby, Yorkshire ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; Held at Cambridge in October, 1862 ; 68-69 Carter, Bonnie R.; 1991 A plesiosaur from the upper Mancos Shale ; 51-52 ; in : Guidebook for dinosaur quarries and tracksite tour, western Colorado and eastern Utah Ed(s) : Walter R. Averett Carvalho, Luciana Barbosa and Azevedo, Sergio Alex; 1998 The presence of plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) in the Gramame Formation, Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Brazil ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 18 (3, Suppl.) ; 32 ; in : Abstracts of papers; fifty-eighth annual meeting; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Ed(s) : J. Michael Parrish Carvalho, Ismar de Souza; 1998 The presence of plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia: Pliosauridae) in the Gramame Formation Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Brazil ; JVP September 1998 - Abstracts ; 18 (3) Carvalho, Luciana Barbosa, Kugland de Azevedo, Sergio Alex and Capilla, Ramses; 1997 Evidencias da presenca de plesiossauros (Sauropterygia, Elasmosauridae) na bacia Pernambuco-Paraiba, Neocretaceo do Nordeste Brasileiro ; Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias ; 69 (3) ; 434 Carvalho, Ismar de Souza, Vilas Boas, Itapotiara and Bergqvist, Lilian Paglarelli; 2000 Plesiossauros da regiao equatorial brasileria Bacia de Sao Luis (Cretaceo Superior), Brasil ; Estudos Tecnologicos ; 23 (51) ; 33--41 Casamiquela, R. M.; 1969 La presencia en Chile de Aristonectes CABRERA (Plesiosauria), del Maestrichtense del Chubut, Argentina edad y caracter de la Transgresion "Rocanense". 199-213. Case, E. C.; 1936a New Reptile from the Triassic of Wyoming ; Proceedings of the Geologial Society of America ; 393 Case, E. C.; 1936b A Nothosaur from the Triassic of Wyoming ; Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Mich. ; 5 (1) ; 1-36 Case, E. C.; 1947 Catalogue of the Type and Figured specimens of Vertebrate Fossils in the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. Case, J.A., Marenssi, S.A., Martin, James E., Reguero, Marcelo, Santillana, S.N., Rinaldi, C.A.; 2000[lLate Cretaceous vertebrate fauna from Antarctica ; International Geological Congress, Abstracts Congres Geologique International, Resumes ; 31 ; in : Brazil 2000; 31st international geological congress; abstracts volume Castany, G., Domerque, C., Gotis, C. and Lapparent, A. F.; (date unknown) Sur un gisement remarquable d'Invertebres et de Vertebes dans le Trias moyen de l'Extreme Sud tunisien. Chancellor, Gordon; 1986 Lost and found - a well-travelled plesiosaur femur ; Geological Curator ; 4 (6) ; 344 Chapman, W.; 1758 An account of the fossile bones of an allegator, found on the sea-shore near Whitby in Yorkshire ; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ; 50 ; 688-691 Chapman, F; 1914 Australasian Fossils. A Student's manual of Palaeontology ; 1-341 Charig, Alan; 1971 The Fletton Plesiosaur ; Report of the Huntingdon Flora and Fauna Society ; 23 ; 37-40 Charlesworth, Edward; 1837 Fossil crocodile at Whitby ; Magazine of Natural History ; 1 ; 531-532 Charlesworth, Edward; 1845 Notice of the Discovery of a large Specimen of Plesiosaurus found at Kettleness, on the Yorkshire Coast ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; 49-50 Charlesworth, Edward; 1855 Notice on new vertebrate fossils ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; 80 Chatterjee, Sankar and Creisler, Benjamin S.; 1994 Alwalkeria (Theropoda) and Morturneria (Plesiosauria), new names for preoccupied Walkeria Chatterjee, 1987 and Turneria Chatterjee and Small, 1989 ; journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 14 (1) ; 142 Chatterjee, Sankar and Small, Bryan J.; 1989 New plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica ; 47 ; 197-215 ; in : Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota, Geological Society Special Pub. Ed(s) : Crame, J.A. Abstract New plesiosaur remains from the Upper Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation (late Campanian- Maastrichtian) of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula include Cryptoclididae and Elasmosauridae. The-occurrence of Cryptoclididae is reported from the Antarctic region for the first time. The taxon represents a new genus and species based on a skull and associated cervical vertebrae. The long, slender and delicate teeth may have formed a trapping device that enabled cryptoclidids to feed on small fish and crustaceans that abound in the same deposits. The cryptoclidids had a restricted distribution, being known so far from the Middle and Late Jurassic of England, and the Late Cretaceous of Chile, Argentina. and Antarctica. Other specimens, represented by several postcranial skeletons, are taxonomically indeterminate, but they share some features with other contemporary elasmosaurid genera such as Hydrotherosaurus, Morenosaurus, Thalassomedon . and . Mauisaurus Unlike the cryptoclidids, the elasmosaurids had a cosmopolitan distribution during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Trophic diversity within guilds of marine predators is examined in the Lopez de Bertodano paiaeocommunities. Three predator guilds are recognized on the basis of tooth morphology and prey preference. The mosasaurs composed the 'Cut guild', and were the principal predators. The elasmosaurids constituted the 'Pierce guild', and the cryptoclidids formed the Trap guild'. These marine reptiles exploited the various pelagic resources such as sharks, bony fish, soft cephalopods and crustaceans, and survived until the end of Cretaceous. The plesiosaurs were excellent swimmers, and used their hyperphalangic paddles for subaqueous flight in the manner of modern sea lions. Chatterjee, Sankar and Zinzmeister, W. J.; 1982 Late Cretaceous marine vertebrates from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula ; Antarctic Journal of the United States ; 27 (5) ; 66 Chatterjee, Sankar, Small, Brian J. and Nickell, M. W.; 1984 Late Cretaceous marine reptiles from Antarctica ; Antarctic Journal of the United States ; 19 (5) ; 7-8 Cheng, Yen-Nien, Wu, Xiao-Chun and Ji, Qiang; 2004 Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young ; Nature (Letters to Nature) ; 432 (18 November 2004) ; 383-386 Abstract Sauropterygians form the largest and most diverse group of ancient marine reptiles that lived throughout nearly the entire Mesozoic era (from 250 to 65 million years ago)IJ. Although thousands of specimens of this group have been collected around the world since the description of the first plesiosaur in 1821 (ref. 3), no direct evidence has been found to determine whether any sauropterygians came on shore to lay eggs (oviparity) like sea turtles, or gave birth in the water to live young (viviparity) as ichthyosaurs and mosasauroids (marine lizards) did. Viviparity has been proposed for plesiosaur, pachypleurosaur and nothosaur sauropterygians, but until now no concrete evidence has been advanced. Here we report two gravid specimens of Keichousaurus hui Young from the Middle Triassic of China. These exquisitely preserved specimens not only provide the first unequivocal evidence of reproductive mode and sexual dimorphism in sauropterygians, but also indicate that viviparity could have been expedited by the evolution of a movable pelvis in pachypleurosaurs. By extension, this has implications for the reproductive pattern of other sauropterygians and Mesozoic marine reptiles that possessed a movable pelvis. Chop and Small, Philip G.; 1857 ? ; ? Chucher, C. S.; 1988 Marine Vertebrates from the Duwi Phosphorites, Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 8 (Supplement to Number 3) Cichowolski, Marcela and Lazo, Dario G.; 2000 Lower Cretaceous marine reptiles from Argentina ; International Geological Congress, Abstracts Congres Geologique International, Resumes ; 31 ; in : Brazil 2000; 31st international geological congress; abstracts volume Cicimurri, David J and Everhart, Michael J.; 2001 An Elasmosaur with Stomach Contents and Gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ; 104 (3-4) ; 129-143 Abstract A nearly complete skeleton of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur (NJSM 15435) from the Sharon Springs Member (Middle Campanian) of the Pierre Shale, Logan County, Kansas, is associated intimately with fragmentary fish remains and numerous gastroliths. The fish bones and gastroliths were located just behind the pectoral girdle in the abdominal region. Identifiable prey includes Enchodus and other small clupeomorph fishes. An isolated tooth of the anacoracid shark Squalicorax cf. S. pristodontus also was recovered in this area. Ninety-five gastroliths (6.8 kg) were present, with the largest stone measuring 15.1 X 8.5 X 5.7 cm (5.0 X 3.3 X 2.2 in.) and weighing 1.06 kg (2.3 lb.). Many of the gastroliths are composed of pink or gray Sioux Quartzite, which suggests that the source of these stones was about 600 km (475 mi) to the northeast of where the elasmosaur remains were discovered. The association of fragmentary fish remains and gastroliths within the abdomen of NJSM 15435 supports the contention that the stones aided in the breakdown of food in plesiosaurs. Clark, N. D. L.; 1993 The Skye Plesiosaur ; Scottish Journal of Geology (32) ; 11 Clark, N. D. L., Nimmo, F. and Nicholas, C; 1993 A new occurrence of Scottish plesiosaurian remains from the Island of Skye ; Scottish Journal of Geology ; 29 (2) ; 197-199 Abstract The discovery of plesiosaurian remains in the Lower Callovian (Middle Jurassic) sediments of Skye, Scotland, represents the most northerly occurrence from the Hebrides Clarke, Jane B and Etches, Steve; 1991 Predation amongst Jurassic marine reptiles ; Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeology Society ; 113 ; 202-205 Colbert, Edwin H.; 1949 A new Cretaceous Plesiosaur from Venezuela ; American Museum Novitates ; No. 1420 ; 1-22 Abstract Describes Alzadasaurus tropicus n.sp. from the Querecual limestone (upper Cretaceous) south of Altagracia de Orituco, Monagas district, Venezuela, and discusses the distribution and relationships of Cretaceous plesiosaurs in South America. Colbert, Edwin H.; 1967 New Adaptations of Triassic Reptiles ; Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Section of Sciences ; 5 ; 1-13 Colbert, Edwin H.; 1984 Mesozoic Reptiles, India and Gondwanaland ; Indian Journal of Earth Sciences ; 11 ; 25-37 Collin, Rachel and Janis, Christine M.; 1994 Why were there no suspension-feeding marine reptiles in the Mesozoic ; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers ; in : Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting, Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Collin, Rachel and Janis, Christine M.; 1997a Morphology constraints on Tetrapod Feeding Mechanisms: Why were there no Suspension-Feeding Marine Reptiles? Chapter 16 ; Chapter 16 ; in : Ancient Marine Reptiles Ed(s) : Jack M. Callaway and Elizabeth L. Nicholls Colom, G.; 1982 Notas paleontologicas y estratigraficas (referentes a Mallorca e Ibiza) ; Boletin de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Baleares ; 26 ; 195--206 Connely, Melissa V.; 1996 Relationships between Ichthyosaur and Plesiosaur species and the paleostratigraphic studies of environments found in the Upper Jurassic Sundance FM of Central and South Central Wyoming. ; Tate Geological Museum, Tate `96, Paleonenvironments of the Jurassic ; 30-37 Conte, G.; 1980 Quelques beaux fossiles de Seine Maritime ; Mineraux et Fossiles, le Guide du Collectionneur ; 63 ; 46 Conybeare, W. D.; 1822a Additional Notices on the Fossil Genera Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus ; Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second series ; Ser. 2, Vol. 1 (1:) ; 103-123 Conybeare, W. D.; 1824 Notice of the discovery of a new fossil animal, forming a link between the ichthyosaurus and the crocodile ; Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second series ; vol I. (Pt II,) ; 389 Conybeare, W. D.; 1824b On the Discovery of an almost perfect skeleton of the Plesiosaurus ; Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second series ; 1 ; 381-389 Conybeare, W. D.; 1842 ? ; ? Cope, J. C. W.; (date unknown) A correlation of the Jurassic Rocks of the British Isles ; Special Report of the Geological Society of London ; 14 ; 1-73 Cope, Edward D.; 1851 ? ; ? Cope, Edward D.; 1868 [On a new large enaliosaur] ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 20 ; 92-93 Cope, Edward D.; 1868 Note on the fossil reptiles, near Fort Wallace Cope, Edward D.; 1869a The fossil reptiles of New Jersey ; American Naturalist ; 3 ; 84-91 Cope, Edward D.; 1869a Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. ; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. ; 14 ; 1-252 Cope, Edward D.; 1869b Remarks on fossil reptiles Clidastes propython, Polycotylus latipinnis, Ornithotarsus immanis ; American Journal of Science ; Vol. XI ; 117 Cope, Edward D.; 1869b Synopsis of the ancient Reptilia found in the Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of New Jersey ; American Naturalist Cope, Edward D.; 1869c Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. ; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. ; 14 ; 1-252 Cope, Edward D.; 1869c (Remarks on Eschrichtius polyporus, Hypsibeam crassicauda, Hadrosausu tripos, and Polydeces biturgidus) ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; XXI ; 191-192 Cope, Edward D.; 1870 Additional note on Elasmosaurus ; American Journal of Science, series 2 ; 50 (148) ; 268-269 Cope, Edward D.; 1870a On some reptiles of the Cretaceous formation of the United States. ; Proceedings of the American Philosphical Society ; 11 ; 271-274 Cope, Edward D.; 1870c Reptilian Remains ; Annual of Scientific Discovery: or Year-Book of Facks in Science and Art ; 253 Cope, Edward D.; 1870d On Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope ; American Journal of Science, series 2 ; 50 (148) ; 140-141 Cope, Edward D.; 1871 ? ; ? Cope, Edward D.; 1871a On the fossil reptiles and fish of the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas, U.S. Geol. Surv. Wyoming and Portions of Contiguous Territories, Fourth Annual Report, pp. 385-424 Cope, Edward D.; 1872a [On Plesiosaurus gulo and other reptilian remains from Sheridan, Kansas] ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 24 ; 127-129 Cope, Edward D.; 1872a [On Kansas vertebrate fossils] ; American Journal of Science, series 3 ; 3 (13) ; 127-129 Cope, Edward D.; 1872b Food of Plesiosaurs ; American Naturalist ; 6 ; 439 Cope, Edward D.; 1872b On the geology and paleontology of the Cretaceous strata of Kansas. Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 5:318-349, Report for 1871. Cope, Edward D.; 1874 Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous formations of the West ; Report of the U.S. Geological Survey. Terr., 2 ; iv + 1-303 Cope, Edward D.; 1874a Report on the vertebrate paleontology of Colorado ; U.S. Geol. And Geog. Surv. Terr. Colorado, Seventh Annual Rep. Progress ; 1873 ; 427-533 Cope, Edward D.; 1875 The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West ; Geological Survey of the Territories, Hayden Survey ; Bulletin 3 ; 565-597 Cope, Edward D.; 1875a Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia: with a systematic list of the; higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the Cope, Edward D.; 1875b Synopsis of the Vertebrata whose remains have been preserved in the Formations of North Carolina ; Report of the Geological Survey of North Carolina ; Appendix B ; 29-52 Cope, Edward D.; 1875c The Geology of New Mexico ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 263-267 Cope, Edward D.; 1876 On some extinct reptiles and Batrachia from the Judith River and Fox Hills beds of Montana ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 28 ; 340-359 Cope, Edward D.; 1877a The sea serpents of the Cretaceous period ; American Naturalist ; 11 ; 311 Cope, Edward D.; 1877b Report on the Geology of the region of the Judith River, Montana, and on vertebrate fossils obtained on or near the Missouri River ; Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. ; III ; 565-597 Cope, Edward D.; 1879 The necks of the Sauropterygia ; The American Naturalist ; 13 ; 132 Cope, Edward D.; 1887 The Sea-Saurians of the Fox Hills Cretaceous ; American Naturalist ; 21 ; 563-566 Cope, Edward D.; 1888 Lydekker on the Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria ; American Naturalist ; 22 ; 724-726 Cope, Edward D.; 1889a Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrata ; American Naturalist ; XXIII (274) ; 849-877 Cope, Edward D.; 1889b Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrata ; American Naturalist ; XXIII (274) ; 849-877 Cope, Edward D.; 1891 A Cimoliosaurus from the Niobara Chalk of Kansas ; American Naturalist ; 25 ; 653 Cope, Edward D.; 1894 On the structure of the skull in the plesiosaurian Reptilia, and on two new species from the upper Cretaceous ; Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ; 109--113 Corcos, S.; 1985 Rekonstruktion und Bau eines Plesiosaurus. ; Der Pr"parator ; 31 (1) ; 21-26 Cornalia; 1854 ? Corroy, M. G.; 1922 Les Reptiles neocomiens et albiens du Bassin de Paris ; Comptes Rendus de l'Acad‚mie des Sciences, Paris ; CLXIIV ; 1192-1194 Corroy, M. G.; 1924 ? ; ? Corroy, M. G.; 1928 Les vertebres du Trias de Lorraine et le Trias Lorrain. ; Annales de Pal‚ontologie ; XVII ; 83-136. Cox, C. B. and Smith, D. G.; 1973 A review of the Triassic vertebrate faunas of Svalbard ; Geological Magazine, London ; 110 (5) ; 405-418 Cox, C. B.; 1924 ? ; ? Cragg, Alan; 1999 A new Zealand plesiosaur ; NZ legacy ; 11 (1) ; 21 Cragin, F. W.; 1888 Preliminary description of a new or little known Saurian from the Benton of Kansas ; American Geologist ; 2 ; 404-407 Cragin, F. W.; 1891 New Observations on the Genus Trinacromerum ; The American Geologist ; 8 ; 171-174 Cragin, F. W.; 1894 Vertebrata from the Neocomian of Kansas ; Colorado Coll. Studies ; 5 ; 69-73 Crampton, J. S.; 1984 A late Cretaceous near-shore rocky substrate macrofauna from northern Hawkes Bay, New Zealand ; New Zealand Geological Survey record ; 35 ; 21-24 Crane, Michael D and Torrens, Hugh S.; 1985 Lost and Found - A well-travelled plesiosaur femur ; Geological Curator ; 4 (4) ; 223 Abstract Robert Jones (Collection Manager (Palaeontology), Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney South, New South Wales 2000) writes: 'Recently an. intriguing specimen was brought to The Australian Museum by a member of the public who had been a tourist in Britain. The specimen did not prove hard to identify, it is the femur of a plesiosaur 240mm long, but the intriguing thing was where it was found and how it got there. It was found by the tourist adjacent to the shores of Loch Ness in Scotland. It was lying on a rock in bushes a few miles north of Castle Urquhart. This conjures up visions of the evening tabloids splashing headlines all over the place claiming the discovery of evidence proving 'Nessie1 is a plesiosaur. But I must hasten to add that the bone is a fossil and heavily permineralised: obviously not from any post Mesozoic 'Nessie'. The specimen is reasonably clear of matrix, a small amount of blue-grey .clay is evident on both ends and it has a grubby appearance from apparent frequent handling. We suspect it probably comes from the Oxford Clay around Peterborough in Cambridgeshire but we cannot prove this.
As to how it got to Loch Ness, we must presume someone put it there. But for what reason? Did someone discard it because it was 'hot' or was it a badly planned hoax? I hope someone in Britain might be able to tell us more about it and for this reason I am including a photo which may help with identification. It does not have any sign of a collection number but I suspect it may have been in a collection of some sort. If anyone can throw any light on the mystery we would very much like to hear from them.' Crane, Michael D; 1980 Kimmeridge Clay pliosaur skull ; GCG. The Geological Curator ; 2 (9-10) ; 619 Crane, Michael D; 1994 Scheltzmuster (enamel layers) in two short-necked plesiosaurs from west-central Kansas ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 14 (3, Suppl.) ; 22 ; in : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Fifty-fourth annual meeting; abstracts of papers Creisler, Benjamin S.; 1995 Pondering the Pachypoda: Von Meyer and the Dinosaur ; The Dinosaur Report ; Winter 1995 ; 10-12 Creisler, Benjamin S.; 1998 Giant Plesiosaurs --real and imginary ; Dino-Dispatches ; 1 (11/08/1998) ; 1-4 Crochet, Jean-Yves; 1991 Un Plesiosaure devant le tribunal de Millau (Aveyron, Sud de la France) ; Terra Abstracts ; 3, Suppl. 2 ; 7--8 ; in : 1 er symposium international sur La protection du patrimoine geologique; presentations nationales Crochet, Jean-Yves; 1994 Un plesiosaur devant le tribunal de Millau (Aveyron, France) ; Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France (165) ; 45-46 Crowther, P. and Martin, John; 1985 Not the rutland Dinosaur, Plesiosaurs and others,- friends of Ceitosaurus ; 71 ; 1-8 Cruickshank, Arthur R I and Fordyce, R. Ewan; (date unknown) High latitude Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs in Gondwana ; Journal of African Earth Sciences Abstract (Abstract only) Plesiosaurs (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) are an important component of many Mesozoic marine communities. They are divided into two superfamilies, the Pliosauroidea and the Plesiosauroidea which are distinguished conventionally on the basis of skull and neck proportions, among other characters (Brown, 1.981). The Plesiosauroidea ('plesiosaurs') have 'small' heads and long necks, in contrast to the Pliosauroidea ('pliosaurs'). The latter were the dominant macro-predators of the open seas, whereas the former were adapted to feed on small or soft-bodied prey. The pliosaurs comprise a single family, whereas there are three plesiosaur families - the Pliosauridae, Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae. These relationships can be demonstrated cladistically (Fig. 1). The Plesiosauridae are restricted to the Early Jurassic, but the long-necked Elasmosauridae represent one of the great success stories of the Mesozoic, and last right to the end of the Maastrichtian as the most commonly-found plesiosaurian taxon. The Cryptoclididae are first seen in the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Europe, but seem to undergo a complicated radiation in the Late Cretaceous, becoming very large, especially in the Southern (Gondwana) Realm (Cabrera, 1 941; Casmiquela, 1 969; Chatterjee and Small, 1 989; Cruickshank and Fordyce, in prep.). Cryptoclidids are not known later than the Kimmeridgian in Europe, nor apparently earlier than the Late Cretaceous in the palaeo-Pacific region. They are assumed to have invaded the southern oceans via the western Tethyan Seaway sometime in Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous times (Gasparini, 1 997). A recently recognised new genus of large cryptoclidid (Cruickshank and Fordyce, in prep.) shows adaptations in its skull morphology for wide gape and fast jaw-closing action, suggesting predation on large soft-bodied species, such as cephalopods, lightly armoured fish or even medusoids. The position and size of the eyes indicates at least partial binocular vision and a life in deep waters or of poor visibility. We speculate that the evolution of these large forms reflects an early phase in the development of Southern Ocean cooling and the concomitant increase in oceanic productivity. Cruickshank, Arthur R I and Fordyce, R. Ewan; 2000 A new marine reptile (sauropterygia) from New Zealand: Further evidence for a late Cretaceous austral radiation of Cryptoclidid plesiosaurs ; Draft Paper Cruickshank, Arthur R I and Fordyce, R. Ewan; 2000 A new pleiosaur from New Zealand ; Draft Paper Cruickshank, Arthur R I and Fordyce, R. Ewan; 2002 A new marine reptile (sauropterygia) from New Zealand: Further evidence for a late Cretaceous austral radiation of Cryptoclidid plesiosaurs ; Palaeontology ; 45 (3) ; 557-575 Cruickshank, Arthur R I and Long, John A.; (date unknown) Heterochrony and the evolution of the Plesiosauria ; Draft Paper Abstract It is proposed that the division of the Plesiosauria into two superfamilies (Pliosauroidea: Plesiosauroidea) is better rationalised on their contrasting feeding habits, and not on ill-defined ratios or relative sizes of portions of their cranial and postcranial anatomy. The derivation of contrasting feeding patterns can be explained by the separation of adults and juveniles during ontogenetic development of the latter, and then fixing these patterns by heterochronic processes. Cruickshank, Arthur R I and Long, John A.; 1997 A new species of pliosaurid reptile from the Early Cretaceous Birdrong sandstone of Western Australia ; Records of the Western Australian Museum ; 18 ; 263-276 Abstract Of three partial skeletons of small pliosauroid plesiosaurs from near Kalbarri in the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, two are described as Leptocleidus clemai sp. nov. The third is indeterminate. These constitute the first associated partial skeletons of Mesozoic reptiles recovered from Western Australia, and the first named species of fossil reptile from the State (excluding footprint inchnotaxa). They came from the (upper) glauconitic facies of the Birdrong Sandstone, a late Hauterivian-Barremian (Early Cretaceous) transgressive unit representing a nearshore shallow-marine episode of deposition. Fossil wood associated with the pliosaurs contains fossil pholadid bivalve borings and hyphae of saprophytic fungi. Leptocleidus is a small-sized (ca 3 m) genus of pliosauroid plesiosaur which is known from 'Wealden' deposits in England, South Africa and Australia. It retains many characters seen in Rhomaleosaurus, a pliosauroid of the English Lias (Hettangian -Toarcian; Early Jurassic). The new species Leptocleidus clemai sp. nov. is characterised by being the largest of the known species. Characters of the genus Leptocleidus are discussed. A brief review of the distribution of pliosauroids in time shows that the large, open-water, sarcophagous forms appear to have died out at the end of the Turonian and are replaced by the mosasaurs which first appear in the Cenomanian. Leptocleidus-like forms seem to have been restricted to inshore habitats. Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1994 A Victorian Fossil Wholemount Technique: a cautionary tale for our times ; Geological Curator ; 6 (1) ; 17-22 Abstract A description is given of the techniques used to mount a large pliosauroid Plesiosaur specimen during Victorian times. Warning is given to conservators and preparators handling historical material to be very careful of past cosmetic treatment applied to such specimens, and to be particularly aware of bizarre and damaging methods used in the past to secure large mounted specimens. These latter include planing the undersurface of the specimen and driving wrought iron nails through a wooden armature into it Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1994b A juvenile plesiosaur (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic) of Lyme Regis, England: a Pliosauroid-plesiosauroid intermediate? ; Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ; 112 ; 151-178 Abstract A partial skull and skeleton of a small, juvenile plesiosaur, part of the historically important Philpot Collection from Lyme Regis, England, is described. It is assigned tentatively to Eurycleidus arcuatus (Owen, 1840) and has a mosaic of features which make it difficult to place in a superfamily. The characters of the posterior elements of the skull and post-dentary bones are close to those expected in a plesiosauroid, whereas the anterior dentition and symphysis of the lower jaw are more typical of a pliosauroid. The specimen is placed in the Pliosauroidea pending a phylogenetic revision of the Lower Jurassic Plesiosauria. From a reconstruction of the dentition and jaw-closing muscles, it is thought to have been a predator on soft-bodied or lightly armoured prey, such as belemnoids, ammonites or small fish. Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1994c A Victorian Fossil Wholemount Technique: a cautionary tale for our times ; Geological Curator ; 6 (1) ; 17-22 Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1994d Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus (Stuchbury) (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) ; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ; 343 (B) ; 247-260 Abstract The skull and mandible of the type specimen of the large pliosauroid plesiosaur Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus from the Toarcian of England are elongate and adapted for powerful predatory activity in water. The mandible contains all elements found in primitive reptilian mandibles. The broadly caniniform dentition suggests that Rhomaleosaurus fed oil a wide range of active prey, and forcibly dismembered larger prey by shaking and twisting them. The cranial musculature is reconstructed for the first time in plesiosaurs. It was adapted for feeding in water. The adductor musculature included a large anterior pterygoideus attached to the suborbital fenestra, a large posterior pterygoideus, and a group of large dorsal muscles including the adductor mandibulae externus. The anterior pterygoideus exerted maximum torque when the jaws were wide open, snapping them shut quickly, and the dorsal muscle mass exerted maximum torque when the jaws were closed on prey to subdue and dismember it. The role of the posterior pterygoideus is uncertain or intermediate. The musculature combines elements of the 'kinetic inertial' system ascribed to aquatic tetrapods by Olson (1961), with his 'static pressure' system ascribed to terrestrial tetrapods. Olson suggested that the large pterygoideus musculature typical of the 'kinetic inertial' system functioned to confer kinetic energy on the mandible. However, its function may instead have been to compensate for the inertia and drag of' the mandible. The depressor musculature comprised the depressor mandibulae and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles, and opened the jaw quickly against drag. The cervical musculature cannot be reconstructed in detail. There was a strong nuchal ligament. The forces within the head are analysed by using box and girder beams as analogues. Gross form, shape of constituent bones, and sutural morphology confirm adaptations to resist great bending moments arising from the action of the muscles when biting on prey. When the jaws were closed, the pterygoid flange supported the mandible against the inward component of the adductor muscle force. Rhomaleosaurus was a visual predator. The eyes were large. The stapes is present. Underwater olfaction was likely. There is no evidence for an eardrum, but it is not known whether this is the plesiomorphic reptilian state or secondarily derived from a tympanite ancestor. The ears were not acoustically isolated from the braincase, so underwater directional hearing was poor, and sonar was not possible. The structure of the head of Rhomaleosaurus is a functional compromise between the needs to maximize structural strength and to maximize swimming and feeding efficiency. Especially important were the ability to sustain large muscle and reaction forces to pi'ovide an adequate bite force at the end of a long snout, and the wide gal)e allowing the swallowing of' large pieces of' prey. Even larger items were dismembered into smaller pieces by shake and twist feeding. The major unresolved problems are the effects of scaling factors. and the torsional loadings induced when biting asymmetrically. or twisting large prey to pieces. Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1996a The cranial anatomy of Rhomaleosaurus thornton i Andrews (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) ; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology ; 52 (2) ; 109-114 Abstract The skull and lower jaw of Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews, 1922, from the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire, are figured for the first time. New information shows that the external nares are in a perfectly normal position, just in front of the orbits. There is little difference between R. thorntoni, R. zetlandicus and R. cramptoni, the type species of the genus. As they can be considered to be conspecific, Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Phillips, in Anon, 1854) has priority. R. zetlandicus is of more robust construction than the Rhaetian/Hettangian species R. megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846), with, among other differences, teeth having fewer striae and the internal nares of a different construction Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1996b A Pistosaurus-like sauropterygian from the Rhaeto-Hettangian of England ; Mercian Geologist ; 14 (1) ; 12-13 Abstract Pistosaurus is an enigmatic sauropterygian, now considered a plesiosaurian, known from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of southern Germany. The humerus recorded here came from a Leicestershire (UK) locality, and possibly from a pre-planorbis (Rhaetian?) horizon. Its significance is discussed, and comments are made on the functional evolution of sauropterygian limbs. Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1996c The cranial anatomy of Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) ; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology ; 52 (2) ; 109-114. Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1997 A Lower Cretaceous pliosauroid from South Africa ; Annals of the South African Museum ; 105 (2) ; 207-226 Abstract A revised account is given of the skull and partial skeleton of a small plesiosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Valanginian) Sundays River Formation of the Algoa Basin, South Africa. The specimen was originally described as Plesiosaurus capensis by C. W. Andrews in 1911, nominally as a 'small-headed' form of plesiosaurian, but is in fact a member of the 'large-headed', predaceous Pliosauroidea. Its apparent closest relative is the English 'Wealden' (Barremian) species, Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922. Both specimens seem to be very similar to, but smaller than, the Liassic genus Rhomaleosaurus. The Sundays River Formation is of shallow marine to estuarine-lagoonal provenance. A brief review is included of other, particularly Southern Hemisphere, occurrences of marginal and non-marine Plesiosauria. Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 1998 101 things to do with a dead plesiosaur - A talk given to Section C of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society on the 18th November 1998 ; Unpublished talk notes ; 1-6 Abstract (First Paragraph) This is the tale of irreplaceable fossils, a resource that we will never be able to match again, and for which we, the Museum Community, are custodians. Our story starts in the first half of the 19th century, at a time when there was a countrywide movement to publicise the new discoveries in Natural History, Geology, Geography. Perhaps the most long-lived of that movement is the British Association for the Advancement of Science, which traces its history to 1832. The Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society dates from 1835 (Brock 1985) and its Museum came under the aegis of the City Council in 1849 (Martin 1994), so we in Leicester have been a player on the scene for over 150 years. Cruickshank, Arthur R I, Small, Philip G. and Taylor, Michael Alan; 1991 Dorsal nostrils and hydrodynamically driven underwater olfaction in plesiosaurs ; Nature (Letters to Nature) ; 352 Abstract THE dorsally placed external nostrils of plesiosaurs are usually regarded as an adaptation to breathing in those extinct marine reptiles. We suggest instead that the narial system was used in underwater olfaction. The internal nares are anterior to the exter-nal nares. Hydrodynamic pressure during swimming forced water into the mouth. along palatal grooves into the scoop-shaped inter-nal nares and up short ducts, presumably lined with olfactory epithelia. Alternatively, or additionally, the so far unlocated Jacobson's organ detected particulate matter. The water was sucked out through the external nares by hydrodynamic pressures generated by fast flow over the convex upper surface of the head. Cruickshank, Arthur R I, Martill, David M and Noè, Leslie; 1996 A pliosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) exhibiting pachyostosis from the Middle Jurassic of England ; Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 153 ; 873-879 Abstract A new and unusual pliosaurid from the Peterborough Member. Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian. Jurassic) of Cambridgeshire, UK, exhibits a type of pachyostosis and bone thickening of the rib cage and vertebrae. Pachycostasaurus dawni gen. et sp. nov. was most probably a benthic feeding carnivore with a generalist diet that included fish and invertebrates. and was a slow swimming underwater flyer with ventrally placed ballasting of the skeleton to resist roll. The apparent rarity of this pliosaur may indicate that it is allochthonous in the Oxford Clay biota. From a palaeoecological viewpoint, the find is significant for two reasons. Firstly, as an air breathing animal that is thought to have fed on benthos or nektobenthos, Pachycostasaurus may have been important in transferring resources from the benthic food web to the surface food web. In a more general sense, the new find provides further insights into the possible trophic structure of aquatic animal communities during deposition of the Oxford Clay. Cruickshank, Arthur R I, Fordyce, R. Ewan and Long, John A.; 1998 Recent developments in Australasian sauropterygian palaeobiology (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) ; Draft Paper Abstract A brief review of recent research into Australasian sauropterygians is given. The earliest record is an Anisian nothosaur from South Island, New Zealand. A Liassic record from Queensland, hitherto included in the Plesiosauria is shown to be the last known nothosaur. A diverse record of Pliosauroidea is known from the time of the break-up of East Gondwana, in marginal rift sediments of Western Australia and South Australia, dated to the earliest Cretaceous. The record of the marine incursion into the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, contains Albian-age Pliosauridae and Elasmosauridae. The New Zealand plesiosaurian record contains mostly members of the 'long-necked' Plesiosauroidea, all from the Haumurian stage of the Maastrichtian. One specimen represents a unique record of a cryptoclidid in Australasia, more closely related to the European Callovian Cryptoclidus than to the other late cryptoclidids known from South America and the Antarctic peninsula. Cruickshank, Arthur R I, Fordyce, R. Ewan and Long, John A.; 1999 Recent developments in Australasian sauropterygian palaeontology Reptilia: Sauropterygia) ; Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement 57) ; 201-205 Abstract A brief review of recent research into Australasian sauropterygians is given. The earliest record is an Anisian pachypleurosaur from South Island, New Zealand. An Early Jurassic record from Queensland, hitherto included in the Plesiosauria is shown to be the last known pachypleurosaur. A diverse record of Pliosauroidea is known from the time of the break-up of East Gondwana, in marginal rift sediments of Western Australia and South Australia, dated to the earliest Cretaceous. The record of the marine incursion into the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, contains Albian-age pliosaurs and elasmosaurs. The New Zealand plesiosaurian record contains mostly members of the 'long-necked' Plesiosauroidea, all from the Haumurian stage of the Campanian-Maastrichtian. One specimen represents a unique record of a cryptoclidid in Australasia, more closely related to the European Callovian Cryptoclidus than to the other late cryptoclidids known from South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. Cumbaa, Stephen L. and Tokaryk, Tim T.; 1993 Early birds, crocodile tears, and fish tales; Cenomanian and Turonian marine vertebrates from Saskatchewan, Canada ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 13 (3, Suppl.) ; 31--32 ; in : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology fifty-third annual meeting Ed(s) : Richard L. Cifelli and Hans Dieter Sues Cumbaa, Stephen L., Tokaryk, Tim T., Collom, C., Stewart, J. D., Ercit, T. S. and Day, R. G.; 1997 A cenomanian age bone bed of marine origin, Saskatchewan, Canada ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 17, Supplement to Number 3 (Abstracts of Papers, Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting) ; 40a. ; in : Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, October 8-11 Cuny, Giles and Godefroit, Pascal; 1995 Micro-restes de Vertebres dans le Trias Superieur du Rinckebierg Medernach, G-DL Luxembourg) ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; Abh, Volume 196, Number 1 ; 45-67 Cuny, Giles; 1995a Revision des faunes de vertebres du site de Provencheres-sur-Meuse (Trias terminal, Nord-Est de la France) ; Palaeovertebrata ; 24 (1-2) ; 101--134 Cuny, Giles; 1995b French vertebrate faunas and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary ; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ; 119 ; 343-358 Cuny, Giles, Buffetaut, Eric, Cappetta, Henri, Martin, M. and Rose, Jean M.; 1991 Nouveaux restes de Vertebres du Jurassique terminal du Boulonnais (Nord de la France) ; Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Abhandlungen ; 180 (3) ; 323--347 Curinoi; 1847 Macromerosaurus plinii ; ? Curinoi; 1863 ? ; ? Currie, P. J. and Eberth, David A.; 1993 Palaeontology, sedimentary and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu Formation (Late Cretaceous), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China ; Cretaceous Research ; 14 ; 127-144 Cuvier, G.; 1824 Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles ; ? ; 5 (part 2) ; 547 pp Cuvier, G.; 1829 ? ; ? References D Daeschler, Edward and Fiorillo, A. R.; 1989 Rediscovery of fossil Material at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from Edward Drinker Cope's 1893 expedition to the Dakotas ; The Mosasaur ; IV ; 143-148 Daintree, R; 1872 Notes on the geology of the Colony of Queensland. With an appendix containing descriptions of the fossils by R. Etheridge and W. Carruthers ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 28 ; 271-360 Dames, H. V.; 1890 Anarosaurus pumilio nov gen. nov. sp. ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; 42 ; 74 Dames, H. V.; 1892 On Loretet: Les reptiles fossiles du bassin du Rhone ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 376-379 Dames, H. V.; 1895 Die Plesiosaurier der suddeutschen Liasformaiton ; Abh. Preu á . Wiss ; 1-82 Damon, R.; 1860 Handbook to the Geology of Weymouth and the Isle of Portland ; ? Damone, George 'Buck'; 1994 Perry, the story of a Pliosaur discovery ; MAPS Digest ; 17 (4) ; 121-125 Darby, D. G. and Ojakangas, R. W.; 1980 Gastroliths from an Late Cretaceous Plesiosaur ; Journal of Paleontology ; 54 (3) ; 548-556 David, M. D.; 1994 Schmeltzmuster (Enamel layers) in two short-necked plesiosaurs form west-central Kansas ; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers ; in : Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting, Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Davidson, Jane P; Edward Drinker Cope, Professor Paleozoic and Buffalo Land ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (2003) ; 106 (3-4) ; 177-191 Abstract William E. Webb's 1872 book Buffalo Land, written for the Kansas Pacific Railroad, was a typical railroad advertising publication with one exception. Webb's fictional story of a group of Kansas adventurers included a paleontologist probably based on the person of Webb's friend, Edward Drinker Cope. The book also includes most of a scientific paper written by Cope and given to Webb for use in Buffalo Land. Cope may be seen as a co-author of Webb's book. Cope's contributions to Buffalo Land and his association with Webb are discussed in detail. "What a wild land we are in! A few puffs of a locomotive had transferred us from civilization to solitude itself." "There's a wonderful land far out in the West, Well worthy a visit my friend; There, Puritans thought, as the sun went to rest, Creation itself had an end... That era is passing--another one comes, The era of steam and the plow, With clangor of commerce and factory hums, Where only the wigwam is now...." "The Professor was developing a remarkable talent for finding not only the stones of the past written all over...but also the moral connected with each incident of our journey...." William E. Webb, Buffalo Land Davidson, Claire M; 1997 Sexual dimorphism in Cryptoclidus eurymerus (Plesiosauroidea)? A preliminary study of morphological types based on the pectoral girdle. ; Submitted for Hons(3001) University of Glasgow Abstract It is proposed that several features of fossilised bone morphology such as size of the glenoid angles, interglenoid width, and presence or absence of an intercoracoid foramen in the plesiosauroid Cryptoclidus eurymerus can be used as a basis for splitting them into sexual dimorphs. It is also suggested from morphometric shape analysis and correlation analysis that one of the Cryptoclidus eurymerus specimens GLAHM V1799 from the Leeds Collection appears to belong to a separate species or subspecies. Davidson, Jane P; 2002 Bonehead mistakes: The background in scientific literature and illustrations for Edward Drinker Cope's first restoration of Elasmosaurus platyurus ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 152 ; 215-240 Abstract In 1868, Edward Drinker Cope incorrectly restored the type specimen of Elasmosaurus platyurus, by placing the skull at the end of the animal's tail. His error haunted him the rest of his career. In examining the scientific literature and popular science literature available to Cope prior to 1868, as well as taking note of the extent of knowledge which I suggest his professional colleagues shared with him concerning plesiosaurs, it seems impossible that he should have incorrectly restored the fossil. I further suggest that he made this error more than once, even after his mistake was pointed out to him. Davidson, Jane P; 2003 Edward Drinker Cope, Professor Paleozoic and Buffalo Land ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ; 106 (3-4) ; 177--191 Davidson, Jane P; 2005 Henry A. Ward, Catalogue of Casts of Fossils (1866) and the artistic influence of Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins on Ward ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ; 108 (3/4) ; 138-148 Abstract Casts of Waterhouse Hawkins' Crystal Palace fossil restorations were offered for sale by Henry Ward in his 1866 catalogue. Herein Ward's casts of Hawkins' restorations are discussed and comparisons made between these and additional casts of fossil marine reptiles in the Ward catalogue. Ward and Hawkins had similar motives and methods in Y presenting fossil replicas and restorations to the public. Dawn, Alan; 1991 A rare pliosaur from the Oxford Clay ; Geology Today ; January-February ; 7 Day, Sally; 1997 Thalassiodracon hawkinsi ; Dinosaur Discoveries ; 3 ; 11-12 De La Beche, H. T. and Conybeare, W. D.; 1821 Notice of the discovery of a new Fossil Animal, forming a link between the Ichthyosaurus and Crocodile, together with general remarks on the Osteology of the Ichthyosaurus ; Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second series ; 5 (4) ; 559-594 de Ricqles, A.; 1981 Quand les plesiosaures ne rament plus ; Recherche (Paris) ; 126 ; 1141-1143 de RicqlÈs, Armand; 1981 Quand les plesiosaures ne rament plus ; La Recherche ; 12(126) ; 1141--1143 Dean, David; 1999a plesiosaur teeth - email ; Email Abstract I collect fossils (and meteorites) and have a particular soft spot for plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. So far I have been able to acquire one plesiosaur tooth (museum quality - 2 1/4 inches).I am not interested in hoarding (1 is fine) -i like to keep my collection small (but with choice quality specimens - I also have a limited budget). I am sort of proud of this specimen because the other only 2 teeth I have ever seen were both broken in two places. This is consistent with the shape of the teeth. They are recurved in 2 ways. First, they are "hooked inward" sharply at about the middle of the tooth toward the inside of the mouth and second they are curved backward toward the back of the jaw. Because of the weight of rock strata, it is possible that the teeth would be susceptible to breaking in these 2 areas. Apparently, the teeth interlocked when the mouths were closed, even possibly outside of the mouth. If you would like me to send some pictures of it for your site, I would be glad to help out - the enamel and tip really are amazing. I have failed numerously to find a pliosaur tooth -understandably as they are rare. It seems to me that there is a relatively small amount of information on dinosaur etc teeth. References tend to say something like (it had sharp curved teeth ....). I think the information would be much more interesting if pictures of the teeth were a common reference tool, along with size ranges. I'm not just saying that because I collect them, I think teeth are fascinating to the reader and allows them to relate to the animal in a unique way (gives a sense of diet, predatory capabilities, sense of scale and personality). Dean, David; 1999b plesiosaur teeth - email ; Email Abstract I live in Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.A. So unfortunately I won't be able make it to England, although I would have loved to see your collection. The story on the tooth is that I have a main fossil contact. He notified me that he would be travelling to morocco and wanted to let me know if I wanted anything specifically. I of course told him that I wanted a plesiosaur tooth above all other requests. He was able to acquire 2 of them. And so he sent me the picture that I have attached (I blew it up twice so it is easier to see). The other tooth was broken etc. The location exactly in morocco or surrounding area where it was found I am unsure. I will ask him for more details. He is off to morocco again on the 23rd and is going to be looking for a pliosaur tooth for me. If you would like, I could ask him to look for another plesiosaur tooth as well in similar condition if you would be interested. The matrix is a type of sandstone it looks like. There are 6 locations on the rock where white enamel or something seems to be poking through to the surface. Actually, I have since removed the tooth from the matrix -that's how I was able to tell you about the shape etc. I used a little warm water and a small dental stick - the sandstone became very soft, I was of course extremely careful. I first I just removed a bit around the tip so I could see the condition, but when I was cleaning up the bottom area, I seemed to have use a bit too much water and the tooth just came loose, which was great anyway so I could see the other side. To the very right of the bottom of the tooth, which is hard to see in the picture revealed a small vertebra of some sort after I removed a bit of the sand (14mm in diameter). At first, I thought it could be another tooth (yeah right) that is why I checked it, that is when the tooth came loose. I haven't done any thing else to the matrix; I find it charming to see where the tooth came from. Also there is almost like reddish enamel color where the tooth was in the sand. I am sort of curious what else might be in the matrix, but I am going to hold off on doing anything. I will send better pictures of the tooth out of the matrix- my friend has a digital camera. It will take a couple days. It would be awesome if you could verify the species, or just that it is a plesiosaur. (Extract from subsequent email) On the location or rock strata of the plesiosaur tooth, all I can say is that it comes from the Erfoud area of the Sahara in eastern Morocco , North Africa Debraga, Michael and Rieppel, Oliver; 1997 Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles ; Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ; 120 ; 281-354 Debus, Allen A.; 1988 Kronosaurus; an Australian sea monster that "got away" ; The Earth Science News (Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois) ; 39 (11) ; 17--23 Deecke, H. V.; 1886 Uber Lariosaurus und einige andere Saurier der Lombardischen Trias ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; 30 ; 170-197 Deecke, H. V.; 1896 Uber saurier-reste aud dem Quiriquina-Schichten ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Mineralogie, Geologie und Pal"ontologie ; 10 ; 32-63 Deeming, D. Charles and Unwin, David; 1993 Fossil embryos and neonates; are they what we want them to be? ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 13 (3, Suppl.) ; 32 ; in : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology fifty-third annual meeting Ed(s) : Richard L. Cifelli and Hans Dieter Sues Dekay, James Ellesworth; 1833 Observations on a fossil jaw of a species of gavial, from west Jersey ; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. ; 3 ; 156-165 del Valle, Rodolfo, Medina, Francisco and Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de; 1977 ; Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino ; 212 ; in : Nota preliminar sobre el hallazgo de reptiles fosiles marinos del suborden Plesiosauria en las islas James Ross y Vega, Antartida Delair, Justin B. and Vaughan, R.F.; 1992 The First Record of Portlandian Plesiosaurs from Swindon, Wiltshire ; Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine ; 85 ; 121-127 Abstract Remains of plesiosaurs of Portlandian age (Upper Jurassic), although long known from various sites in Buckinghamshire (Lydekker 1905, 26), Dorset (Delair 1958, 62, 67, 70, 83), North Yorkshire (erroneously: Fox=Strangways 1892, table), and Oxfordshire (Anon. 1838, 608), as well as from Tisbury in Wiltshire (Woodward and Sherborn 1890, 220), have not until now been reported from Swindon, where Portland Stone formerly yielded numerous fossils. This negative Swindon record is somewhat surprising in view of (i) the essentially marine character of the Portland formation generally and the overwhelming majority of invertebrate fossils found in it, (ii) the extreme adaptations of plesiosaurs to an habitually aquatic existence (Figure 1), and (iii) the occurrence of plesiosaur remains at virtually all other major Portlandian exposures. The present paper records the first definite evidence of these interesting extinct reptiles from the Portland beds at Swindon. Delair, Justin B. and Wimbledon, William A.; 1993 Reptilia from the Portland Stone (Late Jurassic) of England: A preliminary survey of the Material and the Literature ; Modern Geology ; 18: (Number 3) ; 331-348. ; in : Special Issue. Beverly Halstead: His Life and Publications Ed(s) : Guest Editor: W. A. S. Sargent Delair, Justin B.; (date unknown) New Records of Dinosaurs and other fossil Reptiles from Dorset. Proc. Dorset. Nat. Hast. arch. Soc. Vol. 87: 28-37. ; Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeology Society ; 87 ; 28-37 Delair, Justin B.; 1959 The Mesozoic Reptiles of Dorset ; Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeology Society ; 30 ; 52-90 Delair, Justin B.; 1966 ? ; ? Delair, Justin B.; 1967 The occurrence of Upper Cretaceous pliosaurs in Egypt ; Proceedings of the Egytian Academy of Sciences ; XX ; 101-103 Delair, Justin B.; 1972 Some recent discoveries of kimmeridgian reptiles at swindon ; Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine ; 67 (a) ; 12-15 Delair, Justin B.; 1982 New and Little-known Jurassic reptiles from Wiltshire ; Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine ; 76 ; 155-164. Delair, Justin B.; 1995 Reptilia from the Portland Stone (Upper Jurassic) of England: A preliminary survey of the Matrial and the Literature ; Vertebrate Fossils and the Evolution of Scientific Concepts. Writings in Tribute to Beverly Halstead, by Some of His Many Friends Deslongchamp; 1872 ? ; ? Diaz, Guillermo Chong and Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de; 1976 Los Vertebrados Mesozoicos de Chile y su aporte geo-paleontologico ; Actas VI Congr. (Bahia Blanca 21-27 IX 1975) ; 2 ; 45-67 Diedrich, C.; 1998 Saurierfund und Saurierfaehrten von Borgholzhausen wandern aus ; Palaeontologie Aktuell ; 37 ; 36--38 Dixon, Frederic; 1850 Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of Sussex Dollo, L.; 1884 PremiÈre Note sur le Simoesaurien d'Erqulinnes ; Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. ; 3 ; 151-186 Dollo, L.; 1885a Revue des recueils p‚riodiques. Vert‚br‚s. ; Rev. Quest. Sci. ; 17 ; 617-637 Dollo, L.; 1889 MamifÈres cr‚tac‚s ; Rev. Quest. Sci. ; 26 ; 674-676 Dollo, L.; 1909 The Fossil vertebrates of Belgium ; Annals New York Academy of Science ; XIX (No. 4. Part 1) ; 99-119 Dombrowsky, B.A.; 1913 Ueber den Knochenfund des Elasmosaurus beim Chutor Lyssow im Dongebiet. ; Ann Geol. Min. Russie ; 15 ; 5-7 Dong, Zhi-ming; 1979 The distribution of Triassic marine reptiles in China ; Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia ; 85 (3-4) ; 1231--1238 ; in : Contributions to the Triassic stratigraphy Dong, Zhi-ming; 1980 A New plesiosauria from the Lias of Sichuan Basin ; Vertebrata PalAsiatica ; XVIII (3) ; 191-197 Dong, Zhi-ming; 1997 Zigong Dinosaur Museum ; 790-794 ; in : Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Ed(s) : Philip J. Currie and Kevin Padian Doyle, P. and Robinson, E.; 1993 The Victorian 'Geological Illustrations' of Crystal Palace Park ; Proceedings of the Geological Society, London ; 104 ; 181-194 Drake, Mellisa and Wahl, William; 1994 A description of two marine reptiles from the upper Sundance Formation, Wyoming ; Guidebook - Wyoming Geological Association ; 44 ; 179--187 ; in : The dinosaurs of Wyoming Ed(s) : Gerald E. Nelson Drake, Mellisa and Wahl, William; 1994a A description of two Marine Reptiles form the Upper Sundance Formation, Wyoming ; Forty-Fourth Annual Field Conference-1994. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook ; 179-187 Druckenmiller, Pat S. and Russell, Anthony P.; 2003 A preliminary report on a diverse assemblage of Early Cretaceous plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs from the Clearwater Formation, northern Alberta, Canada ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (3, Suppl.) ; 46 Druckenmiller, Pat S. and Zonneveld, J. P.; 2002 Depositional environments of an Early Cretaceous plesiosaur and ichthyosaur assemblage from the Clearwater Formation, Western Interior Basin ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 22 (3, Suppl.) ; 50A ; in : Abstracts of papers; Sixty-second annual meeting; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Druckenmiller, Pat S.; 1999 Osteology and relationships of a new plesiosaur from the Thermopolis Shale of Montana ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 19 (3, Suppl.) ; 42 ; in : Abstracts of papers; fifty-ninth annual meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Druckenmiller, Pat S.; 2002 Osteology of a new Plesiosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Thermopolis Shale of Montana ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 22 (1) ; 29-42 Abstract A new taxon of Cretaceous short-necked plesiosaur, Edgarosaurus muddi, gen. et sp. nov., is described. The specimen consists of a complete skull, 34 vertebrae including the entire series of 26 cervicals, and a nearly complete forelimb. The new taxon occurs in marine sediments of the Thermopolis Shale (late Albian), deposited during an early transgression of the Western Interior Seaway. The skull of Edgarosaurus is the oldest, and one of the best preserved plesiosaur specimens from the Cretaceous Western Interior of North America described to date. Edgarosarus differs from the morphologically and stratigraphically close short-necked taxon Plesiopleurodon wellesi in a number of cranial characters. In the absence of an established phylogenetic framework, the new plesiosaur is placed in the Polycotylidae, as recently defined by Carpenter in 1996. It is plesiomorphic with respect to other polycotylids in thafit possesses a relatively robust and moderately elongated rostrum, a pineal foramen, caniniform teeth, a shorter mandibular symphysis, and a relatively high number of cervical vertebrae. Dubeikovskii, S G and Ochev, V. G.; 1967 [On the remains of plesiosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of the uopper course of the River Kama] ; Voprosy Geologii Yuzhnogo Urala I Povlzh'ya ; 4 ; 97-103 Duff, Keith L. and Chancellor, Gordon; 1991 The Dogsthorpe Pliosaur ; 12 pp Duff, Keith L.; 1842 ; in : Sketch of the geology of Moray Duffin, Chris; 1979 Pelagosaurus (Mesosuchia, crocodilia) from the English Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 475-485 Dunn, J.; 1831 On a large species of Plesiosaurus in the Scarborough Museum ; Proceedings of the Geological Society, London ; 1 ; 336-337 Dzhalilov, M P, Holtman, E V and Khakimov, F Kh; 1986 [First data on the find of bones of a Late Cretaceous pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Reptilia) in the south-western spur of the Gissar Range] ; Doklady AN Tadzhikskoi SSR ; 29 ; 553-553 References E Eagar, R. M. C. and Preece, R.; 1977 Collectoring and Collections of Note. 14: the Manchester Museum ; GCG New letter ; 2 (1) ; 12-40 Eastman, C.R.; 1904 A recent paleontological induction ; Science ; 20 (510) ; 465-466 Eberle, Jaelyn, Storer, John E., Chin, Karen and Cumbaa, Stephen L.; 2001 A new marine fauna from the Late Cretaceous of Devon Island, Nunavut Territory, Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; PaleoBios ; 21 (2, Suppl.) ; 47 ; in : Program & abstracts; NAPC 2001, North American paleontological convention 2001, Paleontology in the new millennium Eberth, David A.; 1997b Edmonton Group ; 199-204 ; in : Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Ed(s) : Philip J. Currie and Kevin Padian Edinger, Tilly; (date unknown) Uer eine pachyostotishce Rippe aus der kreide Rugen Edinger, Tilly; 1921a Uber Nothosaurus III) Ein Schadelfund im Keuper ; II Edinger, Tilly; 1921b Uber Nothosaurus II) Zur Gaumenfrage ; Senckenbergiana Lethaea ; 3 (56) ; 143-205. Edinger, Tilly; 1935 Pistosaurus ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 74 ; 341-359 Edmonds, J. M.; 1978 The fossil collection of the Misses Philpot of Lyme Regis ; Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeology Society ; 98 ; 43-48 Edmund, A. Gordon; 1960 Tooth Replacement Phenomena in the Lower Vertebrates ; Life Sciences Division Royal Ontario Museum Toronto, Contributions ; Number 52 ; 1-190 Eichwald; 1859 ? ; ? Ekrt, Boris, Kostak, Martin, Mazuch, Martin, Valicek, Jan and Wiese, Frank; 2001 Short note on new records of late Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) marine reptile remains from the Upohlavy Quarry; NW Bohemia, Czech Republic ; Bulletin of Geosciences (Praha) ; 76 (2) ; 101--106 England, Bryan; 2003 Late Cretaceous marine vertebrates from the Pee Dee River valley, Florence County, South Carolina ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (3, Suppl.) ; 48 Enlow, E. H. and Brown, S. O.; 1956 A comparative Histological Study of Fossil and Recent Bone Tissues, Part I: ; Texas Journal of Science ; 405-443 Enlow, E. H. and Brown, S. O.; 1958 A comparative Histological Study of Fossil and Recent Bone Tissues. Part III ; Texas Journal of Science ; 187-230 Ensom, P. C.; 1989 Plesiosaurus sp from the Middle Lias of the Dorset Coast ; Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeology Society ; 110 ; 167 Etches, Steve and Clarke, Jane B; 1999 Catalogue of the Steve Etches collection ; published privately Etheridge, R.; 1897 An Ausrtralian sauropterygian ( Cimoliasaurus ) converted into precious opal ; Records of the Australian Museum ; 3 ; 21-29 Etheridge, R.; 1904 A second sauropterygian converted into opal from the Upper Cretaceous of White Cliffs, New South Wales. With indications of ichthyopterygians at the same locality ; Records of the Australian Museum ; 5 ; 306-316 Etheridge, R.; 1917 Megalania prisca, Owen, and Notiosaurus dentatus, Owen; Lacertilian dermal armour; Opalized remains from Lighting Ridge ; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ; 29, (N.S.) (Part II) ; 127-133 Evans, Mark and Forrest, Richard; 2004 52nd SVPCA and 13th SPPC. Abstracts Evans, Mark; 1998 A new reconstruction of the cranial morphology of the Callovian plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley, 1874 (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) based on a partial skull from the Oxford Clay Formation of Peterborough. ; proof copy Abstract A new reconstruction of the skull of the elasmosaurid plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii is presented, based on a partial but well preserved specimen. The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is used to orient the skull in the horizontal plane. In the new reconstruction the skull is higher, with more anteriorly directed orbits and a more vertical suspensorium. Muraenosaurus had a more powerful jaw action than its cryptoclidid contemporaries. Evans, Mark; 1999 A new reconstruction of the skull of the Callovian elasmosaurid plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley ; Mercian Geologist ; 14 (4) ; 191-196 Abstract A new reconstruction of the skull of the elasmosaurid plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii is presented, based on a partial but well preserved specimen. The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is used to Orient the skull in the horizontal plane. In the new reconstruction, the skull is higher, width more anteriorly directed orbits and a more vertical suspensorium. This reconstruction suggests that Muraenosaurus had a more powerful jaw action than coeval cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Evans, Mark; 2004 Small heads on long necks: plesiosauroid Plesiosaur skull morphology ; in : Not Walking with dinosaurs: the swimming and flying reptiles of the mesozoic Abstract The plesiosauroid skull is a rather delicate structure prone to crushing, especially in Jurassic clays and shales. The morphology of the skull therefore needs to be reconstructed before meaningful observations on structures and their significance can be drawn. The arrangement of the bones in the cheek has become regarded as taxonomically significant in recent years, yet this area is frequently poorly preserved in crushed material. The Middle Jurassic Muraenosaums from the well-known Oxford Clay Formation of England, and its bearing on the anatomy of the plesiosauroid cheek, is a case in point. Classically, this was thought of as a low-skulled form, and an early representative of the long-necked elasmosaurs. However recent studies have allied it to its Oxford Clay companion Cryptoclidus, although the two differ in their cheek morphology. The reconstructed skull is actually quite tall, and is more similar to Cryptoclidus than originally thought. The cheek is only adequately preserved in large and old specimens, demonstrating a route for deriving different cheek patterns by heterochrony. The recent, and somewhat controversial, recognition of the Cretaceous polycotylids as plesiosauroids, and the possibility that a new Lower Jurassic Plesiosaur may belong to this radiation, demonstrates that the plesiosauroid skull may be more diverse than previously thought. Everhart, Michael J.; 1999 Gastroliths Associated with Plesiosaur Remains in the Sharon Springs Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Pierre Shale, Western Kansas ; Unpublished draft paper Abstract Field work conducted by the Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas in 1991 recovered 38 gastroliths in association with the incomplete and disarticulated remains of a large plesiosaur (KUVP 129744). The specimen was found in the upper Sharon Spings Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Pierre Shale, Logan County, Kansas. The gastroliths are unusally large in size when compared to those documented from other plesiosaur remans, and larger than those associated with the giant sauropod, Seismosaurus . This specimen provides new data in regard to the occurrence and sizes of gastroliths in these extinct marine reptiles Everhart, Michael J.; 1999a Updates to your list - email ; Email Abstract I looked at your collections list and noted that you had the KUVP 1300 _Dolichorhynchops osborni_ specimen also at the Sternberg... Should be FHSU VP 404 instead. This one is also quite complete. I've attached dolichor.jpg - It's the KU specimen (KUVP 1300) The Sternberg also has a nice skull of Brachauchenius lucasi (FHSU VP 321) At the Texas Memorial Museum at the University of Texas at Austin, there is a fairly complete (but headless) Thalassomedon sp. specimen (TMM 42245-1). It was described by Glenn Storrs in his Masters thesis (1981) but is otherwise not in the literature. Everhart, Michael J.; 2000 Gastroliths Associated with Plesiosaur Remains in the Sharron Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), Western Kansas ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ; 103 (1-2) ; 64-75 Abstract Field work conducted in 1991 and 1998 recovered 47 gastroliths in association with the incomplete and disarticulated remains of a large plesiosaur (KUVP 129744). The specimen was discovered in the upper Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), Logan County, Kansas. The gastroliths are unusually large in size when compared to those documented from other plesiosaur remains, and larger than those associated with the giant sauropod, Seismosaurus. The shapes of the gastroliths are consistent with similar sized stones that occur in river gravel. This specimen provides new data in regard to the range of sizes and the occurrence of gastroliths in these extinct marine reptiles. Everhart, Michael J.; 2003 First records of plesiosaur remains in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (upper Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in western Kansas ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (2003) ; 106 (3-4) ; 139-148 Abstract Although plesiosaurs are known to occur in the Upper Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Formation, their remains are uncommon, rarely complete and unequally distributed in the unit. There are only three reasonably complete plesiosaur skeleton (all Dolichorhynchops osborni) known from the Smoky Hill Chalk in Kansas. All three are from the upper one-third (Early Campanian) of the chalk. Other remains are fragmentary and, in most cases, consist of body parts that could have been readily removed by predators or scavengers. Many of these specimens have teeth marks or appear to be partially digested. In spite of observations to the contrary by Williston and others, reliable stratigraphic and locality information for museum specimens exists only for plesiosaur remains in the upper portions of the Smoky Hill Chalk (Santonian-Lower Campanian). Recent discoveries reported here suggest that plesiosaurs were present throughout the deposition of the chalk, albeit in small numbers. Everhart, Michael J.; 2004 Plesiosaurs as the Food of Mosasaurs; New Data on the Stomach Contents of a Tylosaurus proriger (Squama ta; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of Western Kansas ; The Mosasaur ; 7 ; 41-46 Abstract Although plesiosaurs and mosasaurs co-existed for about 25 million years at the end of the Cretaceous, the fossil record was mute regarding interactions between these two groups of marine reptiles until a discovery made in 1918. At that time, Charles H. Sternberg uncovered the partially digested bones of a plesiosaur as stomach contents in an adult (8.8 m) Tylosaurus proriger skeleton in the Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Early Campanian) of the Niobrara Formation near Twin Butte Creek in Logan County, Kansas. Sternberg reported his discovery at the annual meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science in 1919 and indicated that the material had been sent to the United States National Museum. Due to unusual circumstances regarding the publication of his brief paper in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, however, the association of the two specimens went largely unnoticed until 2001. This association demonstrates conclusively that mosasaurs fed on plesiosaurs and provides additional data about the ecology of the Western Interior Sea. Here the remains are re-examined and discussed in light of related information that has become available in the more than eighty years since their original discovery. References F Faber, F.J.; 1966 De Winterswijkse kalksteen ; Grondboor en Hamer ; 1966 (2) ; 66--71 Feldman, R. M.; 1984 Haumuriaegla glaessneri n. gen. and sp. (Decapoda; Anomura; Aeglidae) from Haumurian (Late Cretaceous) rocks near Cheviot, New Zealand ; New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics ; 27 ; 379-385 Fernandez, Marta S. and Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel; 2000 An Oxfordian ichthyosauria (reptillia) from Vinales, western Cuba: paleobiogeographic significance ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 20 (1) ; 191-193 Abstract Western Cuba has yielded significant material of Juarassic marine reptiles sinse very early in this century, when the Cuban naturalist Don Carlos de la Torre y Huerta discovered the first specimens from the rigion of Vinlaes (Alvarez Conde 1957). It was some time before the fossil reptiles wre partially described (R. de la Torre and Cuervo, 1939; De la Torre and Rojas, 1949, Colbert, 1969). The presence of "ichthyosaur remains" within this assemblage was first reported by R. De la Torre and Cuervo (1939) who descrobed two new taxa, Sphaerodontes caroli and Ichthyosaurus torrei , but neither are now considered valid because the first was based on a fish, and the second has been reidentified as a plesiosaur (Ituralde-Vincent and Norell, 1996). In a later paper R. De la Torre and Rojas (1949) described one species and two sub-species of "ichthyosaurs", but they referred the taxa to Cryptoclidus , a plesiosaur genus. In fact none of these species or subspecies are referable to Ichthyosauria (Ituralde-Vincent and Norell 1996). Recently a synopsis of the provenance and identity of Jurassic marine reptiles from Cuba has been published by Ituralde-Vincent and Norell (1996). In this paper many of the early taxonomic designations have been revised, but no ichthyosaur remains could be identified. Some of the Jurassic fossil remains of marine reptiles from Cuba have been sent on loan to the Departmento Paleontologica de Vertebratos of the Museo de La Plata (Argentina), as part of a joint research project between the Argentinian institution and the Cuban Museo National de Historia Natural in Havana. Among these materials is a specimen (MNHNH-P 3068) embedded in black limestone which before preparation was characterised by Ituralde-Vincent and Norell (1996) as skull fragments of a large marine reptile composed of a few bone fragments surrounding extremely large scleal ossicles. According to the authors it represented the largest saurian specimen yet recovered from the Jurassic of Cuba. Further preparation of MNHMN-P 3068 at the Museo de La Plata allowed the identification of the skull bones preserved, among which there is the basioccipital that is of important taxonomic interest. With these elements the reptile can be identified as an ichthyosaurian of the opthalmosauria (sensu Motani, 1999). This is the first ichthyosaur properly identified from Cuba. The scope of this paper is to describe the new specimen and analyze it's paleobiogeographical significance. Fernandez, Marta S.; 2000 Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Neuqu‚n Basin, Argentina ; Historical Biology ; 14 ; 133-136 Abstract Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs are well represented in the Titonian of the Neuqu‚n Basin, in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Most of the ichthyosaur material from the Neuqu‚n Basin was originally identified as Ophthalmosaurus. Recently the new ichtyosaur genus Caypullisaurus was described, based on an almost complete mature specimen from Cerro Lotena. Some material previously referred as Ophthalmosaurus has been referred to the new genus. However, both genera are present in the Tithonian of the Neuqu‚n Basin. The discovery of an articulated forefin in Caj¢n de Almanza (near Loncopue, Neuqu‚n) confirms the presence of Ophthalmosaurus in the Uppermost Tithonian of the Neuqu‚n Basin. Ferrusqula-Villafranca, Ismael and Comas-Rodriguex, Oscar; 1988 Reptiles Marions Mesozoicos en el sureste de Mexico y su significacion Geologico-Paleontologia ; Univ. Nat. Auton, Mexico, Inst. Geologia, Revista ; 7 (2) ; 168-181 Ferrusqula-Villafranca, Ismael and Comas-Rodriguez, Oscar; 1988 Reptiles marinos mesozoicos en el sureste de Mexico y su significacion geologico-paleontologica ; Revista - Instituto de Geologia ; 7 (2) ; 168--181 Finlay, H. J. and Marwick, J.; 1940 The divisions of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary in New Zealand ; Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand ; 70 ; 77-135 Finlay, H. J. and Marwick, J.; 1948 Cretaceous. In: The outline of the geology of New Zealand ; 17-21 Finsley, Charles; 1996 A Field Guide to Fossils of Texas, Second Edition ; 211pp. Fischer, J. -C.; 1989 Fossiles de France et des regions limitrophes ; Guides Geologiques Regionaux. ; 479pp Fisher von Waldheim, G F; 1845 Notice sur the Spondylosaurus , genre de fossiles de l'Oolithe de Moscou ; Bulletin de la Soci‚t‚ Imp‚riale des Naturalistes de Moscou ; 18 ; 343-351 Fisher von Waldheim, G F; 1846 Notice sur quelques sauriens fossiles du Gouvernement de Moscou ; Bulletin de la Soci‚t‚ Imp‚riale des Naturalistes de Moscou Fisher von Waldheim, G F; 1847 Notice sur quelque saurien s de l'Oolithe de Gouvernement de Simbirsk ; Bulletin de la Soci‚t‚ Imp‚riale des Naturalistes de Moscou ; 20 ; 362-370 Fleming, C. A.; 1959 Oceania. Fascicule 4. New Zealand. (Lexique Stratigraphique International, 6) ; Centre National de la Recherce Scientifique ; 527 Fleming, C. A., Hornibrook, N. de B. and Wellman, H. W.; 1959 Haumurian Stage. In Oceania. Fascicule 4. New Zealand. ; 120-122 ; in : Lexique Stratigraphique International Ed(s) : C.A. Fleming Fletcher, H. O.; 1971 Catalogue of Type Specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney ; The Australian Museum ; Memoir 13 ; 1-167. Follet; 1949 ? ; ? Ford, Tracey; 1999 (Picture of giant squid attacking elasmosaur) Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1981a The Australasian Marine Vertebrate Record and its Climatic and Geographic Implications ; 595-627 ; in : The Fossil Vertebrate Record of Australasia Ed(s) : P. V. Rich and E. M. Thompson Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1981b The Fossil Vertebrate Record of New Zealand ; 629-698 ; in : The Fossil Vertebrate Record of Australasia Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1983 The North Otago plesiosaur ; Newsletter - Geological Society of New Zealand ; 61 ; 47--48 Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1983a The North Otago Plesiosaur ; Newsletter of the Geological Society of New Zealand ; 61 ; 47-48 Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1983b A summary of recent discoveries of pre-Quatenary vertebrates in southern New Zealand ; Miscellaneous Publications of the Geological Society of New Zealand (Abstacts) ; 30A Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1986 The Otago Plesiosaur: what might one learn from fossils? ; New Zealand Science Teacher ; 51 ; 16-19 Fordyce, R. Ewan; 1996 Canterbury Museum figured and type specimens of plesiosaurs etc. ; email Forrest, Richard and Oliver, Nicholas; 2003 Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Lower Spilsby Sandstone Member (Upper Jurassic), north Lincolnshire ; Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ; 54 (4) ; 269-275 Abstract The Lower Spilsby Sandstone Member (Upper Jurassic, Portlandian) of the Spilsby Sandstone Formation, north Lincolnshire, has yielded an assemblage of small marine reptiles, including an ichthyosaur and several plesiosaur taxa. All the specimens are from a small area of a quarry near Nettleton, possibly from beds deposited in a small lagoon cut off from the open sea. The fauna is characterized by the small size of the individual animals, and by morphological characteristics that are closer to those of Lower Cretaceous Wealden taxa than to the better-known Upper Jurassic fauna that is typically found in deeper water environments. Forrest, Richard; 1996 Un problÈme de cou II - Initial results from a study of 125-213.1902 and Gape, Teeth and Bite ; in : Presentation at Oxford Clay conference, 1996 Forrest, Richard; 1998 A possible early elasmosaurian plesiosaur from the Triassic/Jurassic boundary of Nottinghamshire ; Mercian Geologist ; 14 (3) ; 135-143 Abstract The partial remains of a small plesiosaur from the Nottinghamshire Lias in the Natural History Museum at Wollaton Hall, Nottingham are described. The proportions and sequence of the cervical vertebral centra suggest that it is an early elasmosaur. More detailed identification is problematic because of the limited material available. Forrest, Richard; 2000 A large Rhomaleosaurid Pliosaur from the Upper Lias of Rutland ; Mercian Geologist ; 15 (1) ; 37-40 Forrest, Richard; 2002 M-types, E-types and stiff necks ; SVPCA Poster, Cambridge Forrest, Richard; 2003 Plesiosaur vertebrae from the Rhaetian Bone Beds ; SVPCA Presentation, Oxford Forrest, Richard; 2003 How to build a plesiosaur ; Draft Paper Forrest, Richard; 2003a Evidence for scavenging by the marine crocodile Metriorhynchus on the carcase of a plesiosaur. ; Proceedings of the Geologists Association, London ; 114 ; 363-366 Abstract A specimen of the long-necked plesiosaur Cryptoclidus from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough bears tooth marks on its' cervical vertebrae which show that is was the object of post-mortem scavenging by the marine crocodilian Metriorhynchus . This extends the behavioural range of Metriorhynchus below surface waters and shows that it was an opportunistic scavenger capable of diving to the sea floor. Forrest, Richard; 2003b Notes on a specimen of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus (Reptilia; Plesiosauria) from the Lower Lias of Charmouth ; Dorset Proceedings ; 125 ; 101-104 Forrest, Richard; 2003c Taphonomic distortion of cervical vertebrae of a specimen of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus (Reptilia; Plesiosauria ) from the Lower Lias of Charmouth ; Dorset Proceedings ; 125 ; 105-108 Fostowicz-Frelik, Lucja and Gazdicki, Andrzej; 2001 Anatomy and histology of plesiosaur bones from the Late Cretaceous of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. ; palaeontologia polonica ; 60 ; 7-32 Abstract Remains of elasmosaurid plesiosaur have been collected from the lower part of the Late Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. This well preserved bone material includes pectoral, dorsal, and caudal vertebral centra, femur, tibia, and fragments of the humerus, scapula, and ischia, that most probably belong to the one specimen. The microstructure of the bone tissue show rather dense structure with Haversian remodelling well underway and the areas of intensive growth, suggesting subadult stage of ontogeny. The dense pachyostotic character of the rib and girdle tissue, together with a relative small size of the bones (approximated length of the animal about two meters) may indicate that described material belongs to the not fully grown elasmosaur, which may have lived in shallow water environment. The studied remains share some similarities with those of Mauisaurus from the Maastrichtian of New Zealand - in the articular surface of the vertebral centra and the shape of the tibia. Fournier, Roger and Lange-Badre, Brigitte; 1982 Premiere decouverted de restes de Plesiosaure (Reptilia, Sauropsida) au Mont Luberon (Vaucluse) ; Bull‚tin de la Mus‚um d'Histoire naturelle, Marseille ; T. 42 ; 43-50 Fournier, Roger, Jullien, R. and Carroll, Robert L.; 1982 Premiere decouverte de restes de Plesiosaure (Reptilia, Sauropsida) au mont Luberon (Vaucluse) ; Bulletin du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille ; 42 ; 43--50 Fraas, E; 1881 ? Fraas, E; 1891 Die Ichthyosaurier der sddeutschen Trias- und Jura-Ablagerungen Fraas, E; 1910a Die Schwabischen Trias-Saurier, nach dem Material der Kgl. Naturalien-Sammlung in Stuttgart zusammengestellt. 308-309 Fraas, E; 1910b Plesiosaurier aud dem oberen Lias von Holzmaden ; Paleontographica ; 57 ; 105-140 Abstract èberreste von Plesisaurien geh"ren bekantlich in unsere deutschen Liasformation zu den groáen Seltenheiten und beschr"nken sich im wesentlichen auf isiolierte Z"hne und Zahnreste, w"hrend von gannzen Skeletten bisher berhaupt nur eine einziges Exemplar aus den oberliasischen Shiefern von Holtzmaden bejannt wurde Fraas, E; 1910c (Translation into English of "Plesiosaurier aud dem oberen Lias von Holzmaden") Plesiosaurs from the Upper Lias of Holzmaden ; Paleontographica ; 57 ; 105-140 Abstract Remain of plesiosaurs are very rare in our German Lias formation and they are restricted mainly to isolated teeth and tooth remains, while of complete skeletons only a single specimen was known from the Upper Lias shales of Holzmaden. This specimen, found in 1893, is in the Museum fr Naturkunde in Berlin, and was described, along with the other fragments then known ,by W Dames as Plesiosaurus guilemi imperatoris. The rarity of plesiosaurs in the German Lias is all the more surprising since the English Lias deposits have yielded a large number of skeletons, so that this animal group can in no way be called very rare, even if they did not appear in such herds as the much commoner ichthyosaurs. Fraser, Nicholas; 2002 The supporting cast; dinosaur contemporaries ; 61-68 ; in : Dinosaurs; the science behind the stories Ed(s) : Judith G. Scotchmoor and Dale A. Springer and Bren Frass, E; 1881 ? ; ? Frass, E; 1896 ? ; ? Frech; 1903 ? Frerichs, Udo; 1994 Elasmosaurus sp. aus dem Untercampan von Hoever; eine Funddokumentation ; Arbeitskreis Palaeontologie Hannover ; 22 (2) ; 33--42 Frey, Eberhard and Riess, Jrgen; 1982 Considerations concerning plesiosaur locomotion ; Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Abhandlungen ; 164 (1-2) ; 193--194 ; in : Report 1979-1981; Sonderforschungsbereich 53. Tuebingen Frey, Eberhard and Riess, Jrgen; 1986 The evolution of underwater flight and the locomotion of plesiosaurs Abstract The evolutionary progression from rowing to underwater flight in tetrapods is discussed, and is illustrated with turtles and plesiosaurs as examples. A biomechanical analysis of the locomotor apparatus of plesiosaurs leads to the conclusion that these animals have two pairs of hydrofoils - a character unique among vertebrates - and that the upstroke is passive owing to the morphology of their girdles. Frey, Robert W.; 1975 The Study of Trace Fossils Frey, Eberhard; 1982 Considerations concerning plesiosaur locomotion ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 164 ; 193-194 Freytag, J B; 1964 Reptilian vertebral remnants from Lower Cretaceous Strata ; Q. Geological Notes of the Geological Survey of South Australia ; 10 ; 1-2 Frickhinger, K. A.; 1994 Die Fossilien von Solhofen : The Fossils of Solnhofen ; 336pp Friedman, Matt; 2001 A new Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) fossiliferous locality in north central Texas ; PaleoBios ; 21 (2, Suppl.) ; 55 ; in : Program & abstracts; NAPC 2001, North American paleontological convention 2001, Paleontology in the new millennium Friedrich, Steve; (date unknown) A Rare Find From Somerset ; Fossils Quarterly. Fritsch, Anton; 1878 Die Reptilien und Fische der B"hmioschen Kreideformation Fritsch, Anton; 1883 Studien im Gebiete der B"hmischen Kreideformation - Palaeontologische Untersuchungen der einzelnen Schichten - III. Die Iserschichten Fritsch, Anton; 1894 ? Fritsch, Anton; 1905 Neue Fische und Reptilien aus der B"hmische Kreideformation Fujita, Masato; 2003 Geological age and correlation of the vertebrate-bearing horizons in the Tetori Group ; Memoir of the Fukui Prefecturial Dinosaur Museum ; 2 ; 3-14 Abstract Correlation and age of the vertebrate-bearing horizons in the Tetori Group, which is representative sedimentary succession of the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in the Inner Zone of the Southwest Japan, have been reexamined with new data. The Tetori Group is divided into the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro, and Akaiwa subgroups in ascending order. The Kuzuryu Subgroup referred to Middle to Late Jurassic on the basis of marine molluscan fossils. The Itoshiro Subgroup contains Late Hauterivian to Early Barremian ammonite, and the upper part of the subgroup yields non-marine molluscan fossils Tatsukawa type Fauna) indicating Hauterivian. The Akaiwa Subgroup conformably overlies the Itoshiro Subgroup and its upper part yields rne Late Barremian non-marine fauna Sebayashi type Fauna). Molluscan assemblages and zircon fission track dating of tuff indicate that terrestrial and freshwater vertebrate fossils including dinosaurs of the Tetori Group are found in the Hauterivian, Late Barremian, and Aptian to Early Albian strata. Furrer, Heinz; 1995 The Kalkschieferzone (Upper Meride Limestone; Ladinian) near Meride (Canton Ticino, Southern Switzerland) and the evolution of a Middle Triassic intraplatform basin ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 88 (No. 3) ; 827-852 References G Gallagher, William B., Parris, David C. and Spamer, Earle E.; 1986 Paleontology, biostratrigraphy, and depositional environments of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition in the New Jersey Coastal Plain ; The Mosasaur ; III ; 1-36 Garner, Paul; 1996 Aircraft Ram scoops: Plesiosaurs had them first! ; The Biblical Creation Society Abstract In addition to the dinosaurs, numerous other extinct reptile species have been found fossilised in Mesozoic sediments. Many of these were marine creatures, such as the dolphin-like ichthyosaurs and giant turtles like Archelon, which grew to over 12 feet in length. The plesiosaurs (or ribbon reptiles') constitute another important marine group present in the Mesozoic rocks. Two major types of plesiosaur have been identified. First, there were the long-necked (plesiosauroid) varieties, such as Elasmosaurus and Plesiosaurus. Secondly, there were the short-necked ~liosauroid) varieties, such as Kronosaun's. These animals were obviously well designed for their marine existence. They were equipped with a streamlined body shape, and powerfiil paddles which were their main means of propulsion. That creatures appear to be well designed for their particular ecological niche has long been a str~ng argument in favour of creation. A study of a pliosauroid skull from the Lower Jurassic sediments of Barrow-upon-Soar, Leicestershire, has given us fi~rther good evidence of intelligent design in these creatures (Cruickshank et al. 1991). The dorsal external nostrils of plesiosaurs have usually been thought to be an adaptation to breathing in other words, for sampling air. However, following their study of a Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus skull, Cruickshank et al. suggest instead that the nostril system was used for underwater smelling (olfaction) - in other words, sampling water. They describe the intricate design of the external and internal nostril system, explain how it probably worked, and make the foilowing interesting comment: The internal naris [nostril] strongly resembles the NACA Duct ~ational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) design of air scoops on aircraft'(p.62) Thus, the Creator of the plesiosaurs evidently preempted modern aeronautic experts when He equipped these animals with ram scoops as part of their underwater olfaction system! Gaskill, P., Bardet, Nathalie, Martin, James E. and Fernandez, Marta S.; 2003 The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabrera from the latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctica ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (1) ; 104-115 Abstract Aristonectes parvidens Cabrera, 1941, and Mortuneria seymourensis (Chatterjee and Small, 1989), two plesiosaurs from the Maastrichtian of South America and Antarctica whose phylogenetical position is controversial, are reviewed and found to be congeneric and conspecific. Most differences between the two type specimens are interpreted as related to ontogenetic growth: Morturneria is based on an immature, whereas Aristonectes is based on an adult, probably an old individual. Aristonectes exhibits an unique set of characters among Plesiosauria: a low and wide ogival skull, a paired vomero-nasal fenestra, a mandible high anteriorly with a very short and high symphysis, a homodont dentition composed of numerous, strongly outwardly directed and poorly ornamented teeth (dental formula: 10-13 premaxillary, at least 51 maxillary and probably 60-65 dentary teeth, depending upon individual ontogeny). Moreover, Aristonectes shares several synapomorphies with the elasmosaurid clade, mainly strongly binocular-shaped and platycoelous cervical centra with lateral ridges. In contrast to cryptoclidids, it retains some plesiomorphic characters (e.g., horizontal jugal and poorly ventrally excavated cheek, glenoid fossa at about the same level as the alveolar row). The dental morphology and peculiar occlusal pattern, forming an interlocking trap, suggest that Aristonectes strained a diet of small, soft organisms from the water. Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and De La Fuente, M. S.; 2000 Tortugas y plesiosaurios de la formaci¢n la colona (cret cico superior) de Patagonia, Argentina ; Revista Espanola de Paleontologia ; 15 (1) ; 23-35 Abstract The turtles and one plesiosaur of the La Colonia Formation (Upper Cretaceous) outcropping in the southern slopes of Macizo Nordpatagonico are described. The reptiles were found in La Colonia area, located in the central-north Chubut province. The chelonian fauna of La Colonia Formation is composed by at less five taxa of Chelidae (Pleurodira) and one of Meiolaniidae (Cryptodira). The new skull remains of Sulcusuchus erraini Gasparini and Spalletti, 1990 allow us to assign this species to a long-snout plesiosaur of the family Polycotylidae. From a paleobiogeographic point of view in La Colonia Formation reptil groups of different origin and geographic range were found together: South gondwanian chelonians and snakes, plesiosaurs related to North American species, and gondwanian theropods. Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Fernandez, Marta S.; 1992 Reptiles marinos Bajocianos en la Cuenca Neuquina ; IX Jornadas Argeintinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Program Y Resumenes: Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Fernandez, Marta S.; 1993 Reptiles Marinos Bajocianos en la Cuenca Neuquina ; Ameghanina ; 30 (1) ; 107 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Fernandez, Marta S.; 1994 Tithonian Marine Reptiles of the Oriental Pacific ; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers ; in : Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting, Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Fernandez, Marta S.; 1997 Tithonian Marine Reptiles of the Eastern Pacific, Chapter 15 (Part VI) ; 435-450 ; in : Ancient Marine Reptiles Ed(s) : Jack M. Callaway and Elizabeth L. Nicholls Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Fuente, M.; 2000 Tortugas y plesiosaurios de la formacion La Colonia (Cretacico superior) de Patagonia, Argentina ; Revista Espanola de Paleontologia ; 15 (1) ; 23--35 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Goni, Ricardo; 1985 Los plesiosaurios cretacicos de America del Sur y del continente Antartico ; Serie Geologia. Secao Paleontologia e Estratigrafia ; 27 ; 55--63 ; in : Coletanea de trabalhos paleontologicos Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Goni, Ricardo; 1985a Los plesiosaurios Cretacicos de America del sur y del continete Antartico ; Coletanea de Trabalhos Paleontologicos, Seire Geologia ; 27 (2) ; 55-63. Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Salgado, Leonardo; 2000 Elasmos uridos (Plesiosauria) del Cret cico Tard¡o del Norte de Patagonia ; Revista Espanola de Paleontologia ; 15 (1) ; 13-21 Abstract New plesiosaur material from the Late Cretaceous of northwestern Patagonia is described. Some characters (cervical lateral ridge, pelvic bar) suggest close affinities with the Elasmosauridae, a group of plesiosauroids whose Late Cretaceous derived members were cosmopolitan. The new specimens, found in Lago Pellegrini, Rio Negro Province (Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian), reveal that Trinacromerwn lafquenianum Gasparini and Goni, 1985, is not a valid taxon, and that the material does not belong to the Polycotylidae but to the Elasmosauridae. Some morphological and histological characters of the pelvic bones suggest that all these specimens are subadult. The outcrops correspond to an estuarine palaeoenvironment at the northwestern of a wide Atlantic transgression that covered most of Patagonia. Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Spalletti, Luis; 1992 Plesiosaurios Calovianos (Jurasico Medio) en la Cuenca Neuquina ; IX Jornadas Argeintinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Program Y Resumenes: Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Spalletti, Luis; 1993a Plesiosaurioss del Jurasico medio en la Cuenca, Neuquina ; Ameghanina ; 30 (1) ; 107 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de and Spalletti, Luis; 1993b First Callovian plesiosaurs from the Neuquen basin, Argentina ; Ameghanina ; 30 (3) ; 245-254 Abstract The first Callovian Elasmosauridae, Cryptoclididae and Pliosauridae (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) have been discovered in tile Eastern South Pacific. Isolated bones of cf. Muraenosaurus, cf. Cryptoclidus and a pliosaurid were found in Chacaico Sur, Neuquen Basin (Argentina). Both, Muraenosaurus Seeley and Cryptoclidus Seeley are common in the Oxford Clay (Callovian) of England. The presence of similar forms in the Eastern South Pacific, that possibly may belong to the same genera, suggests biogeographical links with the European Tethys. The Callovian seas of Chacaico Sur area probably were rich in macroinvertebrates and fishes -and perhaps other reptiles- to support such a variety of predatory marine reptiles. The general environment was a shallow marine platform that constituted part of a deltaic system dominated by basinal processes. In the fossiliferous section, sedimentation occurred in high energy environment, associated with tidal currents and storm events, that favoured the dismembering and accumulation of isolated bones. Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de; 1979 Comentarios criticos sobre los Vertebrados Mesozoicos de Chile ; Segundo Congreso Geologico Chileno (H15-H31) Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de; 1984 Los reptiles marinos Jurasicos de America del Sur ; Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Resumenes ; 1 ; 5 ; in : Primeras Jornadas argentinas de paleontologia de vertebrados, resumenes Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de; 1997 A new pliosaur from the Bajocian of the Neuquen Basin, Argentina ; Palaeontology ; 40, Part 1 ; 135--147 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Goni, Ricardo and Molina, Omar; 1982 Un plesiosaurio (Reptilia) tithoniano en Cerro Lotena, Neuquen, Argentina ; Actas del Congreso Latinoamericano de Geologia ; 5 (5) ; 33--47 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, del Valle, Rodolfo and Goni, Ricardo; 1984 Un Elasmosaurido (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) del Cretacico Superior del la Antartida ; Instituto Antaritico Argention Contribucion ; 305 ; 1-24. Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Spalletti, Luis and De La Fuente, M. S.; 1996 Marine reptiles of the Tithonian transgresion of Western Neuquen Basin, Argentina ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 36a ; in : Abstracts of Papers, Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, October 16-19 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Spalletti, Luis and de la Fuente, M. S.; 1997 Tithonian marine reptiles of the western Neuquen Basin, Argentina; facies and palaeoenvironments ; Geobios ; 30 (5) ; 701--712 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Spalletti, Luis, Fernandez, Marta S. and de la Fuente, M. S.; 1999 Tithonian marine reptiles form the Neuquen Basin; diversity and paleoenvironments ; Revue de Paleobiologie ; 18 (1) ; 335--345 ; in : Simposio "Jurasico Superior de America del Sur" Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, de la Fuente, M. S., Fernandez, Marta S. and Bona, Paula; 2001 Reptiles from Late Cretaceous coastal environments of northern Patagonia ; Publicacion Especial - Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina ; 7 ; 101--105 ; in : VII international symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems Ed(s) : Hector A. Leanza Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Casadio, Silvio, Fernandez, Marta S. and Salgado, Leonardo; 2001 Marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia ; Journal of South American Earth Sciences ; 14 (1) ; 51--60 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Salgado, Leonardo and Casadio, Silvio; 2002 Nuevos Plesiosauria (Elasmosauridae) del Cretacico Superior de Patagonia septentrional ; Ameghiniana ; 39, Suppl. ; 11 ; in : XVIII jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados; resumenes Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Bardet, Nathalie and Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel; 2002 A new Cryptoclidid Plesiosaur from the Oxfordian (late Jurassic) of Cuba ; Geobios ; 35 ; 201-211 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Bardet, Nathalie, Martin, James E. and Fernandez, Marta S.; 2003 The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabrera from the latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctica ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (1) ; 104--115 Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de, Salgado, Leonardo and Casadio, Silvio; 2003 Maastrichtian plesiosaurs from northern Patagonia ; Cretaceous Research (April 2003) ; 24 (2) ; 157-170 Abstract Three relatively complete elasmosaurid plesiosaurs were recently recovered from the north of Patagonia, Argentina. They were found in the uppermost levels of the Jagueel Formation (upper Maastrichtian). One of the specimens was found only 0.3 m below the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, this being the youngest record of a Mesozoic reptile in Patagonia. Two specimens are referred to cf. Mauisaurus sp. and the other to Tuarangisaurus? cabazai sp. nov. This study has revealed that some character states, previously regarded as mere ontogenetic variations, could be taxonomically valid. Comparison of the Upper Cretaceous elasmosaurids of Patagonia with those from the Upper Cretaceous of central Chile, the northeastern islands of the Antarctic Peninsula, and New Zealand reinforce the hypothesis of a South Gondwanan distribution for some pelagic reptiles. Gaudry, M. A.; 1878 Sur un grand Reptile fossile (l'Eurysaurus Raincourti). Gauthier, Jaques A.; 1994 The Diversification of the Amniotes ; Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution, Short Courses in Paleontology, Number 7, ; 129-159 Gay, Susan M.; 1948 ? ; ? Geissler, G.; 1895 Ueber neue Saurier-Funde aus dem Muschelkalk von Bayreuth ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; 47 ; 331-355. Geister, J"rn; 1998 Lebensspuren von Meersauriern und ihren Beutetieren im mittleren Jura (Callovien) von Liesberg, Schweiz, (Lebensspuren made by Marine Reptiles and their Prey in the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Liesberg, Switzerland) ; FACIES ; 39 ; 105-124 Abstract Numerous gutter-like furrows, up to 60 cm wide and up to 9 m long are preserved at the interface "Macrocephalus Beds" I "Callovian Marl" over a surface of 20 by 200 m. They are interpreted as feeding traces made by large marine vertebrates, most likely plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs searching for food in the lime mud of the shallow Middle Jurassic sea floor. Possible prey animals were in faunal invertebrates (crustaceans) which produced an intricate meshwork of burrows (mainly Rhizocoralliurn irregulare and Thalassinoides) in the bottom sediments, as well as infaunal bivalves. Evidence from coprolites of predatory pelagic reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs) as well as reptile regurgitalites indicate that these animals fed not only on fast-swim-ming vertebrates and cephalopods but also on epi- and endobenthic invertebrates. In addition, the cololites show that the predators ingested considerable amounts of bottom sediment. Different sizes and shapes of the traces suggest that the gutters were produced by different reptiles or age groups. Candidates for the widest gutters are pliosaurs. Of the marine vertebrates known from Jurassic time, only the snout of adult pliosaurs of the genus Liopleurodon was broad enough to produce gutters more than 40 cm wide. Smaller, less than 15 cm wide gutters, could have been made by plesiosauroids or by the narrow pointed snouts of ichthyosaurs. Almost identical traces described from the Oxfordian of Spain and similar but smaller traces from the Lower Devonian of Prague are equally interpreted as feeding traces on the sea floor. Feeding traces of vertebrates in bottom sediments may give detailed information on the hunting behaviour of the predators. However, the attribution of the traces to definite vertebrate taxa remains uncertain. Gervais, P.; 1853 Observations relatives aux Reptiles fossiles de France ; Comptes Rendus de l'Acad‚mie des Sciences, Paris ; XXXVI ; 374-375, 470-474 Gervais, P.; 1859 ? ; ? Gervais, P.; 1861 Sur differents especes de vertebres fossiles observees pour la plupart dans le midi de la France ; Acad. Sci. Lett. Montpellier, Mem. Sec. Sci. ; 5 ; 117-132 Giebel; 1847 ? ; ? Gillette, D. D. and Albright, L. Barry; 2003 Further discoveries of Cenomanian-Turonian (early Late Cretaceous) plesiosaurs from the Tropic Shale, southern Utah ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (3) ; 55 Gillette, D. D.; 1977 Catalogue of type specimens of fossil vertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Part IV, Reptilia, Amphibia and tracks ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ; 129 (8) ; 101--111 Gillette, D. D.; 1978 Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Part VI: Index, Additions, and corrections ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 129 (12) ; 203-211 Gillette, D. D., Hayden, Martha C. and Titus, Alan L.; 1999 Occurrence and biostratigraphic framework of a plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Tropic Shale of southwestern Utah ; Miscellaneous Publication - Utah Geological Survey ; 99-1 ; 269--273 ; in : Vertebrate paleontology in Utah Ed(s) : David D. Gillette Gilmore, C. W.; 1941 A history of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology in the United States National Museum ; Proceedings of the United States National Museum ; 90 (31109) ; 305-377 Ginsberg, L. and Janvier, P.; 1974 Un nouveau gisement a Plesiosaures dans le Jurassique du Spitsbergen (Archipel du Svalbard) ; Arbok - Norsk Polarinstitutt ; 1974 ; 262--265 Ginsberg, L. and Janvier, P.; 1976 Un nouveau gisement a plesiosaures dans le Jurassique du Sptizbergen (Archipel du Svalbard) ; Norsk Polarinstitutt Arbok ; 1974 ; 262-265 Glangeaud, Phillipe; 1896 Les Poissons et Les Reptiles du Jurassique des Envrions de Poiters, D'Angouleme et de la Rochelle Glenn, Chris; 2000a Opalized plesiosaur - email ; Email Abstract The "Dunraven" plesiosaur (QMF12719) registered at Queensland Museum 29/06/1983 Found at the Dunraven Cattle Station by J.Delaney near Hughenden and Richmond in Central Queensland. With good intentions farmer removed it from the site to prevent it from weathering, but taphonomic information was lost. When Ralph Molnar went out to the farm most of the "good bits" were under the farmer's house for safekeeping. Back at the site both Ralph and the farmer retrieved the remaining bits and pieces (rubble). The specimen has been prepared back at QM. So there is no info on how the bones were arranged in the rock - makes it hard for a new comer like me to sort out which bone is which. It was found in Cretaceous rocks (Toolebuc formation?)....I'm waiting on the field notes for more detailed info on age. I think Ralph said it was very late Cretaceous - but don't quote me on that. The bones of this specimen are 99% free of the rock matrix, and take up 5 or 6 large draws in the collection. There are over 20 vertebrae, 4-5 in excellent condition the others in various states. Centra are about 5cm across. There are two big bits of skull that look horribly damaged but I dare say that some important info could be extracted from them. They comprise of bits of inner skull bones (nasal passages I guess) bordered by interlocking cone moulds where the teeth once were. One additional small skull bit appears to be the very tip of the snout, well preserved, with several well preserved teeth. There is also one well preserved isolated tooth. There are quite a few well preserved girdle bones/ partial bones and some ribs. 3 of the draws contain material that will never be more than rubble. I guess there are fragments of phalanges and the like, but I assume these are not of much use. Ralph was under the impression it may have been related to the "Richmond (or Marathon) Pliosaur", a very complete "longish necked" pliosaur on display at QM. No doubt you are familiar with this specimen. It looks something like Dolichorhynchops. Sven Sachs was here from Germany for a few weeks, I was lucky to meet him and he had a quick glance over the material and thought it looked more like elasmosaur vertebrae (eg Woolungasaurus). I think it is probably one of these two, and is unlikely to be anything else (like Kronosaurus) - but I can't discount the others yet obviously. Oh, before I go, have you heard of "Dave"? He's the latest elasmosaur recovered by QM from far north Queensland - almost complete but...no head! (No surprise there).We'll head up this year and look for it. Colin McHenry headed the team with Alex Cook (QM). I was fortunate enough to go myself. I did the freehand sketches of the bones in situ. I'm sure the whole story would be somewhere on the QM web site. It was an "emergency dig". The team was thrown together in 24hrs (I was on the road within 30 hours of first hearing about it - 3000km from Brisbane to remote north Queensland). We had to beat the wet season. The specimen was completely exposed, yet still embedded in the hard rock at the in the river bed that is covered by 50 feet or so of surging water during the tropical wet season. The wet season was due when QM found out about "Dave" (named after the freshwater fisherman that found it). We got it out inabout 5 days, moved about 5 tons of hard rock with geopicks and hammer ad chisels, worked through to midnight, knowing the the rain could have started at any moment. When it rains up there it's all or nothing, dark soil turns straight to impassible mud. It was a couple of hours from the closest cattle station via rough dirt road, but after rain many locals had taken weeks to get back. Quite an adventure. We got on TV! Godefroit, Pascal; 1994a Simolestes keileni sp. Nov., un pliosaure (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) du Bajocien superieur de Lorraine (France) ; Bulletin des Academie et Societe Lorraines des Science ; 77-95 Godefroit, Pascal; 1994b Les reptiles marins du toarcien (Jurassique Inferieur) belgo-luxembourgeois ; Memoires pour servir a l'explication des cartes geologiques et minieres de la Belgique ; 39 ; 1-98 Godefroit, Pascal; 1995a Biodiversite des reptiles marins du Jurassique inferieur belgo-luxembourgeois ; Bulletin de la Societe Belge de Geologie Bulletin van de Belgische Vereniging voor Geologie ; 104 (1-2) ; 67--76 Godefroit, Pascal; 1995b Plesiosauria (Reptilia) sin‚muriens de Lorraine beige ; Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique, Sciences De La Terre ; 65 ; 165-178 Abstract The Plesiosauria (Reptilia) from the Upper Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic or Liassic) of Belgian Lorraine are described and discussed in the present paper. IRSNB R 127, a fragmentary skeleton from Dampicourt and Plesiosaurus dewalquii VAN BENEDEN 1871 are referred to the family Elasmosauridae. IRSNB R 128, a series of vertebrae discovered in Stockem is reffered to the family Pliosauridae. This leads to extension of the paleogeographical distibution of both Families since the Lower Jurassic Godfrey, S.J.; 1984 Plesiosaur subaqueous locomotion; a reappraisal ; Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Monatshefte ; 1984 (11) ; 661--672 Abstract The pectoral girdles of vertebrates that fly are solidified ventrally to provide strong resistance to a downward directed power stroke. Subaqueous fliers (sea turtles and penguins) employ power strokes that are dorsoventrally symmetrical; their pectoral girdles are reinforced both dorsally and ventrally. Plesiosaurs were osteologically unsuited to fly subaqueously. Their forelimb may have been used in a fashion similar to that of ota-riid pinnipeds. Otariids usually employ a thrust/recovery stroke in which the limb is used as a hydrofoil. Opposing views of Plesiosaurs as subaqueous rowers vs. subaqueous fliers are reconciled by accepting that both interpretations may be partially correct. Gofshtein, I. D.; 1961 Zuby pleziozavra i ryby iz senomanskikh otlozhenii Podolii. ; Paleont. Sbornik (Lvov. Geol. Obshch.). (1) ; 127-136 Abstract Describes the teeth of a plesiosaurian (Polyptychodon interruptus) and a fish (Pycnodus complanatus) from Cenomanian (Cretaceous) localities of Podolia, USSR. Goni, Ricardo and Gasparini, Zulma Brandoni de; 1983 Nuevos restos de Alzadasaurus colombiensis (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) del Cretacico ternprano de Colombia. ; Geologia Norandina ; 1983 (7) ; 49-54 Gonzalez Riga, Bernardo J.; 1999 Hallazgo de vertebrados fosiles en la Formacion Loncoche, Cretacico Superior de la Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina ; Ameghiniana ; 36 (4) ; 401--410 Gonzui; 1978 ? ; ? Gorce, F.; 1960 Etude de Quelques Vertebres du Muschelkalk du Djebel Rehach (Sud Tunisien) ; Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France (88R) ; 3-33 Graffam, Merle H.; 2000 pliosaurs - email ; Email Abstract I live in Big Water, Utah, which is a gateway community to the Grand Staircase/Escalane National Monument recently established (albeit in a strange and probably illegal executive order). Big Water is in Kane County and this small community of 400 souls sits on a mesa-like sandy platform overlooking Wahweap Creek and the Straight Cliffs Formation to the north and Lake Powell to the east. Wahweap Creek is a wash that drains the Kaiparowits Plateau into the Colorado River Gorge at Glen Canyon Dam. The floor of the wash is Dakota Sandstone and the wash cuts through hundreds of feet of Tropic Shale (called Mancos shale in other areas). The shale consists of layers of silt and ash flows (Bentonite) from the bottom of the Cretaceous Western Inland Seaway. We sit very close to the ancient western boundary of that seaway. Kansas has studied their side of the seaway extensively, but most maps of the Cretaceous Era show the western boundar of the seaway a hundred miles east and north of here. A wondrous outcropping of this shale layer is open wide here and in the Dakota sandstone billions of oyster are embedded. Above this the blue-gray Tropic shale is layered with limestone concretions full of baculites, ammonites, oysters, clams, wormholes, turritella, etc. Above these are eroded dunes of shale in which are found billion of shark teeth, including lamna, squalicorax, etc., and massive to microscopic ptychodus shark teeth. Plesiosaur and mosasaur teeth are also found scattered in the powdered shale. I have personally found the remains of five pliosaurs within ten miles of my house. One was excavated last summer. It consisted of several vertebrae (about 11) and ribs. The Museum of Northern Arizona under Dr. David D. Gillette (excavator of the famous Seismosaur) will excave my other four beasts the week of June 3 to 10. Grange, D. R., Storrs, Glenn W., Carpenter, S. and Etches, Steve; 1996 An important marine vertebrate-bearing locality from the Lower Kimmeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of Westbury, Wiltshire ; Proceedings of the Geologists Association, London ; 107 ; 107-116 Abstract The Blue Circle Industries pic Westbury Works is a major marine vertebrate-bearing exposure in the Lower Kimmeridge Clay of Wiltshire. The quarry faces have yielded important chelonian, ichthyosaurian, crocodilian and plesiosaurian remains. The most recent discovery is a large pliosaurian skeleton found during the summer of 1994. The partial skeleton, provisionally identified as Pliosaurus, consists of a skull and mandible (approximately 1.8 m in length), with associated disarticulated postcrania enclosed within large carbonate concretions. The skeleton is associated with abundant fossil wood and shell debris, indicating a possible period of turbulent current activity in the vicinity of the carcass prior to burial. Gray; 1825 ? Gray; 1831 ? ; ? Gregg, Donald R.; 1974 Sea dragons of the Mesozoic ; 84-88 ; in : New Zealand's Nature Heritage, 1 Ed(s) : Knox, R. Gregory, W. K. and Camp, C. L.; 1918 Studies in comparative myology and osteology ; Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History ; Vol. XXVIII (Part III.) ; 447-563. Grenfell, H. and Hayward, B.W.; 1997 Strange bedfellows uncovered ; Newsletter - Geological Society of New Zealand ; 113 ; 71--72 Groá, K.; 1944 Uber den Bau der Zahne von Pliosaurus ferox (SAUVAGE) ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; B ; 227-230 Gurich, G. and Dames, H. V.; 1908 Ueber einen neuen Nothosaurus von Gogolin in Obrrschlesien ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; Bd. 43 ; 467-470 Gurich, G.; 1884 Ueber einige Saurier des obefschlesischen Muschelkalkes ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; 36 ; 125-144 Gurich, G.; 1891 ? ; ? Gutmann, Wolfgang F; 1994 Knostruktionszwange in der Evolution: schwimmende Vierfusser ; Natur und Museum ; 124 (6) ; 165-188 Gwinnelli, W. F.; 1904 On a small Plesiosaurus-Skeleton from the White Lias of Westbury-on-Severn. References H Haas, G.; 1963 Micro Nothosaurus stensioi, ein neuer Nothosauridae aus dem Oberen Muschelkalk des Wadi Ramon, Israel ; Pal"ont. Z. ; 37 (3/4) ; 161-178 Haas, G.; 1967 On the vertebral centra of nothosaurs and placodonts from the Muschelkalk of wadi Ramon, Negev, Israel ; Fr., Cent. Nat. Rech. Sci., Colloq. Int. ; 163 ; 329--333 ; in : Problemes actuels de paleontologie (evolution des vertebres) Haas, G.; 1979 Ein Nothosaurier-Schaedel aus dem Muschelkalk des Wadi Ramon (Negev, Israel) ; Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien ; 83 ; 119--125 Haas, G.; 1980 Ein Nothosaurier-Schadel aus dem Muschelkalk des Wadi Ramon (Negev, Israel) ; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien ; 83 ; 119-125 Haas, G.; 1981 A fragmentary skull of Simosaurus (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of the Makhtesh Ramon, Israel ; Israel Journal of Zoology ; 30 (1-2) ; 30--34 Haast, J.; 1869 Saurier der Tertiarformation Neuseelands. ; erhandlungen der K.K. Geologischen Reichsanstaldt, Wien ; 1869 ; 350-351 Haast, J.; 1870 Notes on a collection of saurian remains from the Waipara River, Canterbury, in the possession of J.H. Cockburn Hood, Esq. ; Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute ; 2 ; 186-189 Haast, J.; 1871b On the geology of the Amun district in the provinces of Nelson and Marlborough. ; New Zealand Geological Survey reports of geological explorations ; 1870-1 (6) ; 25-46 Haast, J.; 1874a Presidential address ; Transactions of the New Zealand Institute ; 6 ; 419-432 Haast, J.; 1879 Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. ; 486 Haast, J.; 1879a Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. ; 486 p Haggart, James W., Nicholls, Elizabeth L. and Bartlett, Roderick; 2003 The first record of a pliosaurid (Plesiosauria, Pliosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of North America ; Cretaceous Research (April 2003) ; 24 (2) ; 129-133 Abstract The fragmentary remains of a plesiosaur have been collected from the Haida Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous) at Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. The specimen is identified as a member of the family Pliosauridae, based on tooth structure. This is the first record of a pliosaurid from the west coast of North America, and the first pliosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. Hailmann, Otto; 1967 Saurier im Frankenland ; Natur und Mensch (Nuernberg) ; 1967(2) ; 14--16 Hallowell; 1852 ? Halstead, L. Beverly; 1971 Liopleurodon Rossicus (Novozhilov)-A Pliosaur from the Lower Volgian of the Moscow Basin ; Palaeontology ; 14 (4) ; 566-570 Abstract The species Pliosaurus rossicus Novozhilov is redescribed. The short mandibular symphysis places the species in the Liopleurodon-Stretosaurus group and the triradiate scapula in the genus Liopleurodon itself. The teeth are trihedral in section; hence the material being specifically distinct from L.ferox is assigned to L.rossicus Halstead, L. Beverly; 1989 Plesiosaur locomotion ; Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 146 ; 37-40 Abstract Plesiosaurs are unique in being the only underwater fliers with four 'wings', and how the two pairs worked in relation to one another is a matter of some controversy. Newman's hypothesis of porpoising seems to provide a possible solution. Any discussion of plesiosaur locomotion must take into account the different modes of plesiosaur life: the long-necked forms were fish-eating surface paddlers and the short-necked were diving cephalopod feeders. Hampe, Oliver; 1992 Ein grossuchsiger Pliosauridae (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) aus der Unterkreide (oberes Aptium) von Kolumbien ; Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg ; 145 ; 1-32 Hampe, Oliver; 1996 Die Anwendung der Photogrammetrie in der Wirbeltierpalaontologie am Beispiel eines Kronosaurus-fundes in Kolumbien ; Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilingen ; 25 ; 55-78 Abstract (English version)For studies in the field of vertebrate paleontology, photogrammetry is a new measuring method. With the aid of this method the skeleton of the large pliosaur Krono-snunis boyncensis (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Aptian of Colombia could precisely be registered in its dimensions and graphically documented. The process of photographic recording, measuring and interpretation, one basis for the newly developed reconstruction of this aquatic reptile, is shown in detail. Subsequently, the biology of Kronosaurus is discussed and an overview on-the locomo-tional capabilities of pliosaurs is given based on current knowledge. Also presented is a new systematic classification on family level for the Cretaceous Pliosauroidea. Hanebuth, Till; 1997 Ein Bonebed im hoheren Keuper am Westrand des Thuringer Beckens ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 294 (2) ; 185-200 Harlan, Richard; 1824 Notice of the Plesiosaurus , and other fossil reliquiae, from the State of New Jersey. ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Harlan, Richard; 1834 On some new Species of Fossil Saurians found in America ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; 410. Harris, Luke; 2000 Opalized plesiosaur - email ; Email Abstract In 1976, my father unearthed a 2.5 metre plesiosaur at 8 metres depth while digging for opal in White Cliffs, a small mining field in North West NSW. The fossil was completely opalised, and missing only the skull and smaller flipper bones. All bones were in situ and undisturbed.The fossil was encased in plaster and carefully removed. The discovery of the Plesiosaur was fairly widely covered by the media at the time. The NSW Museum were interested in purchasing the specimen, but my father didn't consider the amount offered adequate. He began to carefully clean the specimen himself, a task that he carried out over the next eight years (while continuing to mine for gems). The plesiosaur was placed on display as a tourist attraction in White Cliffs. After a few years he moved to the Australian Alps to mine for gold, and the plesiosaur was removed from display and placed in a safe location. There is a good chance my father will re-open the display facility at some stage. As far as I know, his is the most complete opalised plesiosaur in existence. Others were found in the late 19th Century, but were broken up for their opal content. The fossil itself is quite attractive, and I'm sure it will be a major attraction when displayed once more. Harrison; 1876 On the Occurrence of Rhatic Beds near Leicester ; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Hartsinck Day, E. C.; 1861 Discovery of a New Species of Plesiosaurus Hasegawa, Yoshikazu and Obata, Ikuwo; 1972 Notes on the Excavation of New Plesiosaur ; Shizen Kagaku to Hakubutsukan Natural Science and Museums ; 39 (7-8) ; 107--121 Hattin, Donald E.; 1996 Fossilized regurgitate from Smoky Hill Member of Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, USA ; Cretaceous Research ; 17 ; 443-450 Haubold, H.; 1997 Muschelkalksaurier und nahestehende Sauropterygier ; Zentralblatt fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie, Teil II: Palaeontologie ; 1997 (5-6) ; 231--240 Hawkins, Thomas; 1834 Memoirs of Ichtyosauri and Plesiosauri Abstract I believe in, and bear humble testimony to tile Scriptures, that they are the "words of everlasting life" and "the wisdom of God." I cannot pretend to understand much of them, for reasons which they themselves offer, much less can I presume upon their explanation; but I owe to myself and the reader to say-to prevent any misconception of the spirit and letter of this book-that I think the Mosaic cosmogony intelligible upon this hypothesis :-owr creation is not a principio, but from the fourth day or generation of Time, when the lights in the firmament were made "to give light upon the earth." The antecedent history of the planet, as written by Moses, demonstrable by the soundest physics unshrouds but the gaunt skeleton of the pre-Adamite epoch, to the clearer comprehension of which nothing can so well serve as the accumulation of Fossil Organic Remains. Hawkins, Thomas; 1840 The Book of the Great Sea-Dragons, Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri: Extinct Monsters of the Ancient Earth ; 27 pp Hays, Issac; 1800 Description of a Fragment of the Head of a New Fossil Animal, discovered in a Marl Pit, near Moorestown, New Jersey Hector, James; 1867 Abstract report on the progress of the Geological Survey of New Zealand during 1866-7 ; 18 pp Hector, James; 1870 Catalogue of the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand ; ? ; 235pp Hector, James; 1870a Catalogue of the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand ; 235 p. Hector, James; 1871 ? ; ? Hector, James; 1873a New Zealand Colonial Museum and Laboratory annual report ; 8 ; 3-7 Hector, James; 1874 On the fossil reptilia of New Zealand ; Transactions of the New Zealand Institute ; 6 ; 333-358 Hector, James; 1879 Handbook of New Zealand. Sydney International Exhibition, 1879 ; 105 pp Hector, James; 1880 On the geological formations of New Zealand compared with those of Australia ; Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales ; 13 ; 65-80 Hector, James; 1883a Progress reports, 1873-74. ; New Zealand Geological Survey reports of geological explorations ; 1873-74 ([8b]) ; i-xx Hector, James; 1886 Detailed catalogue and guide to the geological exhibits. New Zealand Court, Indian and Colonial Exhibition, London, 1886 ; 37-104 Hector, James; 1887a Catalogue of geological models, casts of fossil reptiles and ethnological articles offered for exchange. ; New Zealand Colonial Museum and Laboratory annual report ; 23 ; 120-145 Hector, James; 1887b Catalogue of geological models, casts of fossil reptiles and ethnological articles offered for exchange ; New Zealand Colonial Museum and Laboratory annual report ; 22 ; 33-36 Hector, James; 1889 Index to fossiliferous localities in New Zealand [1-764] ; New Zealand Geological Survey reports of geological explorations ; 1890-91 (21) ; 120-145 Hector, James; 1892 Index to fossiliferous localities according to the counties in which they occur. ; New Zealand Geological Survey report of geological explorations ; 1890-91, 21 ; 146-178 Hector, James; 1893 Geological report. In The Cheviot Estate: particulars, terms and conditions of disposal and occupation of 33,474 acres ; 6-15 Heller, W.; 1966 Untersuchungen zur sogenannten Hauterhaltung bie Ichthyosauriern aus dem Lias spsilon Holzmadens (Schwaben) ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie Henderson, J.; 1921 Notes to accompany a geological map of the Cheviot district ; New Zealand journal of science and technology ; 4 ; 24-30. Herbel, Carrie L. and Schurmann, William R.; 2002 Excavations in shale a daunting task! ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 22 (3, Suppl.) ; 64A ; in : Abstracts of papers; Sixty-second annual meeting; Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Hill, Robert E.; 2003 Reconstructing amniote phylogeny using morphology of the skeleton, integument, and osteoderms ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (3, Suppl.) ; 61 ; in : Sixty-third annual meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Science Museum of Minnesota; abstracts Hiller, Norton and Mannering, A.; 2004 Elasmosaur (reptilia: plesiosauria) skull remains from the Upper Cretaceous of North Canterbury, New Zealand ; Records of the Canterbury Museum ; 18 ; 1-7 Abstract Two large elasmosaurid plesiosaur skull fragments (probably belonging to a single 'old adult' individual) are described from the Upper Cretaceous Conway Formation exposed along the mid-Waipara River. Comparisons with cranial remains previously recorded from New Zealand and elsewhere suggest potential affinity with the sympatric taxon Mauisaurus haasti Hector, 1874; however, definitive assignment is reserved at this stage, pending discovery of more diagnostic material. Hiller, Norton; 2000 Sea monsters, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs of the South Pacific ; in : Species 2000; New Zealand millennial symposium; a review and inventory of New Zealand's biodiversity Hiller, Norton, Mannering, A. and Jones, C. M.; 1997 A new look at the elasmosaur Mauisaurus haasti Hector ; Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication ; 95A ; 78 ; in : Geological Society of New Zealand 1997 annual conference; programme and abstracts Ed(s) : D. N. B. Skinner Hiller, Norton, Mannering, A., Jones, C. M. and Cruickshank, Arthur R I; 2005 The nature of Mauisarus haasti Hector, 1874 (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) ; Draft Paper Hillier, Norman, Mannering, A. and Jones, C. M.; 1997 Mauisaurus haasti - a new look at an old species ; Conference on Australian Vertebrate Evoloution, Palaeontology and Sytematics, ; Abstracts ; 31 Hirayama, Ren and Tong, Haiyan; 2003 Osteopygis (Testudines, Cheloniidae) from the lower Tertiary of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin, Morocco ; Palaeontology ; 46 (5) ; 845-856 Hirzberg; 1934 ? ; ? Hoffman, A. C.; 1966 A gigantic plesiosaur from the South African Cretaceous ; S. Afr. J. Sci ; 62 (5) ; 138-140 Abstract Plesiosaurs are widely distributed in many countries of the world, but in the South African Cretaceous only one small specimen had been recorded in 1900 by Rogers and Schwarz. The Calitzdorp specimen, described in this paper, is an enormous centrum, much bigger than any plesiosaurian described from anywhere. lt is suggested that the Calitzdorp specimen remains unnamed until more extensive field work has been done at the site of discovery. Hoffmann, C.K.; 1890 Reptilien. II. Eidechsen und Wasserechsen. Bronn's "Klassen und Ordnungen des Thieresreichs," vol 6 (abt 2:2), pp. 443-1399 Hofstein, I D; 1961 [The tooth of a plesiosaur and a fish from Cenomanian deposits of Podolia] ; Paleontologichevskii Shornik L'vovskoi Geologicheskoi obschestva pri L'vovskogo Universiteta ; No. 1 Hogler, Jennifer A.; 1994 Speculations on the Role of Marine Reptile Deadfalls in Mesozoic Deep-sea Paleoecology ; Palaios ; 9 ; 42-47 Hogler, Jennifer A.; 1995 Reply to: Martill, David McArthur R. I. Cruickshank and Michael A. Taylor, 1995: Speculations on the Role of Marine Reptile Deadfalls in Mesozoic Deep-sea Paleoecology. ; Palaios ; 10 ; 97 Holder, H.; 1992 Fossilien-Deutung im Wechsel der Jahrhunderte ; Natur und Museum ; 122 (5) ; 148-163 Hollingworth, Neville; 2000 Geology of the Cotswold Water Park - Field Guide Hood, T. H. C.; 1869 [Letter to Richard Owen] Hood, T. H. C.; 1870 Geological observations on the Waipara River, New Zealand. ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 26 ; 409-413 Hooijer, D.A.; 1959 Records of Nothosaurians from the Muschelkalk of Winterswijk, Netherlands. ; Geologie en Mijnbouw, n.s., ; 21 ; 37-39 Hopley, Philip J.; 2000 A New Plesiosaurid Specimen from the Sinemurian, Lower Jurassic, of Southern England ; Dorset Proceedings ; 122 ; 129-138 Abstract A sequence of twenty-eight cervical and dorsal vertebrae of 'Plesiosaurus sp. from the Sinemurian of southern England are figured and described. This adult individual (BRSUG 26539) exhibits unusual features such as dorsal neural spine cavities and cervical rib processes but the taxonomic significance of these characters is currently uncertain. An analysis of Vertebral Length Index (VLI) in Lower Jurassic Plesiosaurs shows taxonomic potential, but has proved inconclusive in the present study. Hopley, Philip J.; 2001 Plesiosaur spinal pathology; the first fossil occurrence of Schmorl's nodes ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 21 (2) ; 253--260 Hou, Lianhai; 1975 Sinopliosaurus fugolensis Howarth, M. K.; 1955 Domerian of the Yorkshire Coast ; Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ; 30 ; 147-175 Howarth, M. K.; 1962 The Jet Rock Series and the Alum Shales of the Yorkshire Coast ; Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ; 33 ; 381-421 Howarth, M. K.; 1978 The stratigraphy and ammonite fauna of the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire ; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology ; 29 ; 235-288 Howchin, W; 1928 The Building of Australia and the succession of life. 2. Mesozoic and Caenozoic ; 1-210 ; in : Handbooks of the Flora and Fauna of Australia Hua, Stephane and de Buffrenil, Vivian; 1996 Bone histology as a clue in the interpretation of functional adaptation in the Thalattosuchia (Reptilia, Crocodylia) ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 16 (4) ; 703-717 Abstract The histological study of various bones in the families Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae reveals common, but also contrasting structural features of the skeleton. Both display a zonal pattern of bone tissue, suggesting a cyclic growth and an ecto-poikilothermic physiology, quite similar to those of recent crocodiles. However, the Teleosauridae exhibit no peculiar skeletal specializations related to marine life, which suggests that they had an amphibious, rather than a truly marine habitat. Conversely, the skeleton of the Metriorhynchidae displays a certain degree of structural lightening, especially obvious in their skull, but also present in their femora and ribs. This structural specialization of the skeleton, together with the supposed physiological regime of the Metriorhynchidae, had definite bearings on their body trim in water, locomotor capabilities, and activity cycles. These various topics are discussed with reference to the ecological and eco-physiological adaptations of the Thalattosuchia. Hudson, John; 1966 Hugh Miller's Reptile Bed and the Mytilus Shales, Middle Jurassic, Isle of Eigg, Scotland ; Scottish Journal of Geology Abstract The type locality of the Mytilus shales, the lowest division of the Great Estuarine series, is described. Detailed stratigraphy of the beds is given, and especially one rich in reptilian bones, discovered by Hugh Miller in 1844 and 1845, is discussed for the first time. The outcrop is disturbed by small faults and intrusions and partially obscured, so that the succession has to be constructed from five partial sections. The invertebrate fauna, mainly brackish water mollusks, is listed. The reptile bed itself, a sideritic limestone, contains plesiosaur remains similar in size to the Liassic species Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus. The conditions of deposition of the Mytilus shales and especially of the reptile bed are considered and analogies are drawn with the bays of the Florida Everglades. Huene, Friedrich R. F.; (date unknown) Stammlinien der Reptilien ; 229-239 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; (date unknown) Ein beachtenswerter Humerus aus unterstem Muschelkalk und seine Bedeutung. Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1902 Ubersicht uber die Reptilien der Trias ; Geologische und Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge ; Band VI, (Der Ganzen Reine Band X.) (Heft 1) Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1908 ? ; ? Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1911 Die jungtriassiche Wirbeltierfauna von Niedershonthal bei Basel ; Centralbalt. Min. Geol. Pal: ; 422-424 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1920 Neue Beobachtungen an Simosaurus und ihre Verwertung Zur Stammestgeschlichte der Sauropterygier ; Zietschr. f. Induk Abstammulungs und Ver Erhbungstered ; 23 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1921 Ein Plesiosaurierrest aus dem untersten Lias Wurttembergs ; Centralbalt. Min. Geol. Pal: ; 401-405 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1922 Die Ichthyosaurier der Lias und ihre Zusammenh"nge Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1923 Ein neuer Plesiosaurier aus dem oberen Lias Wurtembergs ; Jahresh. Ver. Vatervil. Natek. ; 79 ; 1-21 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1924 Gondwana-Reptilien in Sudamerika ; Palaeontologia Hungarica ; II ; 1-108 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1927 Beitrag zur Kenntnis mariner mesozoischer Wirbeltiere in Argentinien ; Centralbalt. Min. Geol. Pal: ; 1 (B) ; 22-29 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1929 Ein Plesiosaurier im Keuper ; Zbl. Min. Geol. Paleont. ; B (1) ; 556-558 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1931 Neue Studien ber Ichthyosaurier aus Holzmaden ; Abh. Senckenb. Nat. Ges. ; 42 ; 345-382 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1935 Ein Plesiosaurier-rest aus Gronlandischem Oberem Jura ; Meddeleser om Gronland ; 99 (4) ; 3-11 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1937 Plesiosaruer im kurlandischen Jura ; Zbl. Min. Geol. Paleont. ; B ; 50-52 Abstract Describes a tooth of the plesiosaur Peloneustes found in the Jurassic of Kurland, Latvia; the presence of plesiosaurs here indicates the possibility of free communication between English, German, and central Russian seas during the Callovian. Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1938 Ein Pliosauride aus Abessinien ; Centralbalt. Min. Geol. Pal: ; Abt. B ; 50-52 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1942 Pachypleurosauriden im suddeutschen obersten Muschelkalk ; Zbl. Min. Geol. Paleont. ; Abt. B ; 290-295 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1944a Die Zweiteilung des Reptilstammes. Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1944b Cymatosaurus und seine Beziehungen zu anderen Sauropterygerin. ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; B ; 222 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1945a Die ungleiche Wertigkelt inder Grupplerung der palaontolgischen Systematik. ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; Abt. B ; 372-377 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1945b Fragmenta Sauropterygiana. ; 248-255 Abstract Die ersten Nothosauriden und die ersten Pachypleurosauriden stelien im unteren Muschelkalk und etwas friiher unvermittelt fertig da. Man hat stets die Erage gehabt: wo gehoren sie eigentlich hin? woher kommen sie? Ebenso ist es mit den Placodontiern, die in ZITTEL-BROILI'S Lehrbuch 1923 als Anhang der Sauropterygier be-handelt werden. Da mit friiheren Reptilien vermittelnde Formen fehlen und also eine Uberlieferungsliicke Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1947 Studie uber die Umwandlung des Landfu á es in den Schwimmfu á bei Sauropterygiern und Placodontiern, gezeigt an der Vorderextremitat ; N. Jb. f. Miner etc. A. ; Bd. 90 (Abt. B) ; 96-162 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1948a Pistosaurus, a middle Triassic Plesiosaur ; American Journal of Science ; 246 ; 46-52 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1948b Simosaurus and Corosaurus ; American Journal of Science ; 246 ; 41-43 Abstract A description of two plesiosaurs Simosaurus (upper Triassic of south Germany) and Corosaurus (upper Triassic of Wyoming). Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1949 Classification and Phylogeny of the Tetrapods ; Geological Magazine, London ; 86 ; 189-164 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1951a Eine neue Ichthyosaurier-Gattung der mittleren Trias ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 94 (1) ; 80-92 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1951b Der alteste Sauropterygier-Rest ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 86-87 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1952a Sur quelques restes de Reptiles du Lias de Jaendelaincourt (Meurthe-et-Moselle) ; Bulletin de la Soci‚t‚ G‚ologique de France ; Series 6 (No. 2, fasc. 1-3) ; 13-17 Abstract Reptile bones belonging to several individuals were discovered in middle Liassic strata in the Jeandelaincourt quarry, Meurthe et Moselle, Lorraine, France, These remains, lying chaotically at different levels in the quarry face, are the first to be reported from this horizon. Plesiosaurus cf. homalospondylus, P. cf. dolichodeirus, and Pelagosaurus sp. have been identified and are here described. Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1952b Skelett und verwandtschaft von Simosaurus ; Palaeontographica ; Abt A. Vol. 102 (No. 3-5) ; 163-182 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1957 Ein neuer Primitiver Nothosauride aus Braunschweig ; Pal"ont. Z. ; 31 (1/2) ; 92-98 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1958 Aus den Lechtaler Alpen ein neuer Anarosaurus ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 322-324 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1959a Saurians in China and their Relations ; Vertebrata PalAsiatica ; 3 (3) ; 119-123 Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1959b Simosaurus guilielmi aus dem unteren mittelkeuper von Obersontheim ; Palaeontographica ; Abt A. 113 (Liefg, 4-6) ; 180-184. Huene, Friedrich R. F.; 1964 Neue Gedanken ber die Herkunft der Ichthyosaurier. ; Pal"ontologische Zeitschrift ; 38 (12) ; 26-27 Abstract Placodonts, nothosaurs, plesiosaurs, and ichthyosaurs are now considered to have evolved from a common ancestral Permian stock. The ichthyosaurs probably branched off and returned to a marine environment earlier than the nothosaurs and placodonts. The plesiosaurs were the last, not appearing until Keuper (Triassic) time. Hulke, J. W.; 1869 Note on some Teeth associated with Two Fragments of a Jaw from Kimmeridge Bay ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 26 ; 611-622 Hulke, J. W.; 1870 Note on some Plesiosaurian Remains obtained by J.C. Mansel., Esq., F.G.S., in Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 611-622 Hulke, J. W.; 1883 The anniversary address of the president. (P.planus) ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; 39 ; 38-65 Hulke, J. W.; 1884 The anniversary address of the president ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; XL ; 35-57 Hulke, J. W.; 1892 On the shoulder girdle of Ichthosauria and Sauropterygia ; Proceedings of the Geological Society, London ; 52 ; 233-255 Hunt, Adrian P. and Lucas, Spencer G; 1993 Cretaceous vertebrates of New Mexico ; Aspects of Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Colorado Plateau. ; Bulletin 59 ; 77-91 Hunt, Sanchia; (date unknown) A Preliminary Description of the Manchester Plesiosaur ; MPhil Thesis (University of Manchester Hunton, L.; 1836 Remarks on a section of the Upper Lias and Marlstone of Yorkshire ; Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second series ; ser. 2 (5) ; 215-221 Hutchinson, H. N. and Frye, Fredric L.; 2001 Evidence of pathology in early Cenozoic turtles ; PaleoBios ; 21 (3) ; 12-19 Abstract Survey of fossil turtle shells and fragments from selected Eocene localities of Wyoming yielded numerous examples of non-developmental pathologic injury. A few of these are clearly the result of predator damage indicated by bite holes and gouge marks. A brief review of the causes of the other injuries, particularly sublaminal pitting of the shell, implicates possible sources from fungal, algal, bryozoan, and bacterial infections, but these remain inconclusive on a case by case basis, pending more detailed study, description, and causes of similar injuries in extant turtles. Comparisons of the relative frequency of pathologies in different turtle paleopopulations suggest that environmental conditions may play a role in the etiology of these pathologies. Hutchinson, H. N.; 1922 A Model of Peloneustes philarchus ; Geological Magazine, London ; 59 ; 309-310 Hutt, Steve; 1998 Find them, dig them up - then what do we do with them? ; British Dinosaurs, Their life and times. One-day conference, 17th Oct 1998, Abstracts Abstract Finding dinosaur bones is very little different from any fossil hunt It's not very scientific although it does help tremendously to have an understanding of earth sciences. What is essential is the ability to understand the geology of wherever you choose to hunt, patience and physical endurance. The last attribute becomes particularly relevant once you have found your dinosaur fossil and attempt to uncover what may be a large, complicated skeleton broken into many pieces. During this talk we look at various excavations. Cleaning, repair and preservation (1,reparation) are also challenging tasks, suited only to certain types of people (1am not one of them). At the same stage the excavator, curator or whatever must decide what happens to the dinosaur. If it's unique (and if he has time) then research and publication is the goal and perhaps eventual display. If of second rate importance then storage is required or perhaps display. We explore these issues and how museum curators may at times fall short of public expectations. Hutton, F. W.; 1877 Report on the geology of the north-east portion of the South Island, from Cook Straits to the Rakaia. ; New Zealand Geological Survey New Zealand Geological Survey Report of Geological Explorations ; 1872-73 (8b) ; 27-58. Hutton, F. W.; 1887 On the geology of the Trelissick or Broken River Basin, Seiwyn County ; Transactions of the New Zealand Institute ; 19 ; 392-412 Hutton, F. W.; 1894 On a new plesiosaur from the Waipura River ; Transactions of the New Zealand Institute ; 26 ; 354-358 Hutton, F. W.; 1894a On a new plesiosaur from the Waipara River ; Transactions of the New Zealand Institute ; 26 ; 354-358 Hutton, F. W.; 1895 Guide to the collections in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand ; 233 Huxley, Thomas Henry; 1858 On a new species of plesiosaurus from Street, near Glastonbury; with remarks on the structure of the atlas and axis vertebrae, and of the cranium, in that genus. ; Proceedings of the Geological Society, London ; XIV (Part I) ; 281-294 Abstract THE locality where the Plesiosaurus, which forms the subject of the present brief notice, was obtained is already famous for its richness in such remains. In fact, the limestone beds of the Lower Lias at Street have already yielded at least three species of Plesiosaurus-P. Hawkinsii, P. macrocephalus, and P. megacephalus; and it seemed so unlikely that a fourth species should have inhabited the same area, that I was for a long while unwilling to admit the distinctness of the form at present under consideration. References I Ingles, J. M. and Sawyer, F. C.; 1979 A catalogue of the Richard Owen collection of Palaeontological and Zoological drawings in the British Museum (Natural History) ; Buletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Historical Service) ; Vol.6 (5) ; 109-197 Irby, Grace V.; 1995 Marine reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale, Black Mesa, Northeastern Arizona ; Proceedings of Southwest Paleontological Society and Mesa Southwest Museum, Mesa, Arizona ; III ; 75-80 Irwin, Kelly and Schumancer, Bruce A.; 2003 An additional record of a polycotylid plesiosaur from the upper Campanian of North America ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 23 (3, Suppl.) ; 65 Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel and Norell, Mark; 1996a Synopsis of the Late Jurassic Marine Reptiles from Cuba ; American Museum Novitates ; No. 3164 ; 7 pages Abstract In western Cuba there are well-developed Late Jurassic deposits that yield important and insufficiently studied marine vertebrate faunas. The middle Oxfordian fossil-bearing rocks are calcareous concretions embedded in black shales of the Jagua and Francisco Formations. The fossil biota includes plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and crocodyliforms, ganoids fishes, and several invertebrates are found in well-bedded limestones of the Artemisa Formation. Because the information concerning these fossils is dispersed in hard-to-find publications and several collections, a catalog is presented here which includes the most important reptile fossil localities along with brief descriptions of the fossil material and information on their ages, stratigraphic positions and associated fossils. A discussion concerning the validity of several of the published Jurassic reptilian taxa from Cuba is also provided. The Western Cuban Oxfordian fauna is important because it is associated with the initial Mesozoic marine transgression on the North American continental margin within the Caribbean area. Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel and Norell, Mark; 1996b Cuban Jurassic Reptiles: A poorly known fauna in the western prolongation of the Tethys ; 64 ; in : Dinofest International Symposium, programs and abstracts Ed(s) : Donald L. Wolberg and Edmund Stump References J Jaekel, O.; 1905 ? ; ? Jaekel, O.; 1913 Uber die Wirbeltierfunde in der Oberen Trias von Halberstadt. ; Pal. Zeit. ; 1 ; 155-215 Jaillard, E., Cordova, A., Mazin, Jean-Michel and Mournier, T.; 1985 La transgression du Cenomanien supeneur-Turonien inferieur dans la region de Jaen (Nord du Perou):donnees sedimentologiques et stratigraphiques; decouverte du premier saurien marin du Perou. ; Comptes rendus de l'Acad‚mie des sciences -.S‚rie IIa - Sciences de la terre et des planÈtes ; 301 (20) ; 1429-1432 Jaillard, E., Cordova, A., Mazin, Jean-Michel and Mourier, T.; 1985 La transgression du Cenomanien superieur-Turonien inferieur dans la region de Jaen (Nord du Perou); donnees sedimentologiques et stratigraphiques; decouverte du premier saurien marin du Perou ; Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre ; 301 (20) ; 1429--1432 Jaimes, J.H. Jerez and Parra, E.X. Narvaez; 2001 Callawayasaurus colombiensis (Welles) Carpenter 1999; el plesiosaurio de Villa de Leyva (Boyaca, Colombia); un nuevo especimen? ; Boletin de Geologia (Bucaramanga) ; 23 (38) ; 9--19 James, K. W.; 1981 Geological note; Plesiosaur limb bone from the lower Lias Garron Point, Co. Antrim ; Irish Naturalists' Journal ; 20 (8) ; 353 Jones, C. M. and Watson, D.M.S.; 1993 New Late Cretaceous plesiosaur material from Conway Formation, middle Waipara River, North Canterbury ; Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication ; 79A ; 96 ; in : Geological Society of New Zealand 1993 annual conference; programme and abstracts Ed(s) : Paul Froggatt Jos, Augusta and Jos, Soukup; 1940 Kriticke poznamky k plesiosauridum z ceske kridy a novy nalez jejich zbytku u Trebovic Kritische Bemerkungen zu den Plesiosauriden aus der boehmischen Kreide und neuer Fund ihrer Reste in Boehmen. ; K. Ceska Spol. Nauk, Vestnik, Tr. mat. Prirod ; 1949 (6) ; 27pp Abstract Critical review of published data on plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, and description of the Cretaceous plesiosaur locality at Trebovice. Jurcsak, T.; 1976 Noi Descoperiri de Reptile Fosile in Triasicui, de la Alesd ; Nymphaea ; IV ; 67-105 Jurcsak, T.; 1977 Contributii not privind Placodontele si sauropterygienii din Triasicul de la alesd (Bihor, Romania) ; Nymphaea ; V ; 5-30 Jurcsak, T.; 1978 Rezultate noi in studiul saurienilor fosili de la alesd ; Nymphaea ; VI ; 15-60 Jurcsak, T.; 1982 Ocurrences nouvelles des Sauriens mesozoiques de Roumanie ; Vertebrata Hungarica ; Tom. XXL ; 175-184 Jurcsak, T.; 1986 Triassic reptilian fauna from Bihor, Romania ; 125-128 ; in : Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers Ed(s) : P. M. Currie and E. H. Koster References K Kabanov, K A; 1959 [Burial of Jurassic and Cretaceous reptiles in the region of Ulyanovsk] ; Izvestiya Kazanskogo Filiala AN SSR, Seryia Geologicheskikh Nauk ; 7 ; 211-214 Kanie, Y., Hasegawa, Yoshikazu, Okazaki, Y. and Tatematsu, Yoshiko; 1998 Vampyromorphs: past and present; - Cretaceous vampyromorph (Coloidea: Cephalopoda) as the diet of a plesiosaur ; Bulleton of Gunma Museum of Natural History (Number 2) ; 11-23 Abstract The Cretaceous Vampyromorpha Provampyroteuthis giganteus swam at the surface or in shallow waters, differing from the modern species Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Among many kinds of coleoids, the weaker Vampyroteuthis were driven to inhabit the deeper parts of the sea, an adaptation enabling them to survive as living fossils. Cephalopod jaw remains were discovered as the stomach contents of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Hokkaido, Japan. Many pieces were Embedded around the ribs together with gastroliths. The predator Elasmosaurid were interpreted as surface or shallow sea swimmers from their body morphology and they could not bite shelly ammonites and nautilid with their teeth. The living Vampyroteuthis is a weak swimmer in the water columns of 300 - 2500 m depths, whereas the assemblage of molluscan fossils associated with Provampyroteuthis remains suggests an off-estuary environment at a moderate depth. Kauffman, Eric G.; 1996 Predatory behavior of Jurassic and Cretaceous Sea Serpents ; 66. ; in : Dinofest International Symposium, programs and abstracts Ed(s) : Donald L. Wolberg and Edmund Stump Kear, Benjamin P; 2001 Elasmosaur (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) Basicranial Remains from the Early Cretaceous of Queensland ; Records of the South Australian Museum ; 34 (2) ; 127-133 Abstract A near complete basioccipital and associated elements belonging to a juvenile elasmosaur are described from the Early Cretaceous (upper Albian) of northern Queensland. This is the first record of well-preserved elasmosaur basicranial remains from Australia. The basioccipital is comparable to those known from other elasmosaurs but is unusual in the contribution of the exoccipital-opisthotic facet to the margin of the occipital condyle (but not to its articular surface) and dorsal termination of the condylar groove. The significance of this morphology is discussed. Kear, Benjamin P; 2002b Darwin Formation (Early Cretaceous, Northern Territory) marine reptile remains in the South Australian Museum. ; 35 (1) ; 33-47 Abstract Marine reptile remains from Early Cretaceous (Aptian/Albian) deposists of the Darwin Formation, Northern Territory, are described from the collections of the South Australian Museum. The material includes vertebra and limb girdle elements from ichthyosaurs and plesiosauroids, as well as the first described pliosaurid remains from the Northern Territory. The pliosaurid specimen (a single femur) is attributed to the small-bodied (up to 3 m in length) freshwater/near-shore marine taxon Leptocleidus, supporting interpretation of the Darwin Formation as representing a near-shore marine depositional environment. A comparison of the Darwin Formation marine reptile fauna with those known from Early Cretaceous deposits elsewhere in Australia, indicates greatest compositional similarity to the Hauterivian-Barremian Birdrong Sandstone fauna of Western Australia. A potential link between the distribution of some marine reptile taxa (eg pliosaurids) and the prevailing depositional environment is also suggested Kear, Benjamin P; 2002c Reassessment of the Early Cretaceous plesiosaur Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge, 1904 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from White Cliffs, New South Wales ; Australian Journal of Zoology ; 50 ; 671-685 Abstract Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge, 1904 is a poorly known plesiosauroid from the lower Cretaceous (Aptian) opal-bearing deposits (Doncaster Member, Wallumbilla Formation) of White Cliffs, New South Wales. Characters used to define the taxon are found to be either uninformative beyond higher taxonomic levels, ontogenetically related or misinterpreted, suggesting that C. maccoyi is a nomen dubium . Provisional referral of the C. maccoyi remains to Elasmosauridae gen. et sp. indet. may be warranted on the basis the derived morphology of its cervical vertebrae. A review of 'cimoliasaurian' taxa described from the Callovian to Maastrichtian of Europe, North and South America, New Zealand and Australia indicates that all can either be reassigned or represent nomina dubia . The taxonomic status of Cimoliasauridae is also tenuous, with the family established on largely non-diagnostic characters. Kear, Benjamin P; 2003 Cretaceous marine reptiles of Australia: a review of taxonomy and distribution ; Cretaceous Research ; 24 ; 277-303 Abstract Marine reptile fossils are common in the Cretaceous epicontinental and continental-margin marine deposits of Australia but much of the material is sparsely documented. A review of current localities indicates that the majority of remains are known from the Aptian-Albian epicontinental marine units of the Eromanga Basin in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. Fragmentary specimens have also been recovered from Berriasian, Hauterivian-Barremian, Albian-Cenomanian, Cenomanian- Turonian and Maastrichtian marine deposits of Western Australia, Aptian or Albian continental margin rocks of the Northern Territory and Aptian-Albian freshwater sediments of New South Wales and Victoria. Interestingly, many of these deposits represent Cretaceous high latitude-polar environments and some include palaeoclimatic indicators suggesting very cold to near freezing conditions. As currently known, the Australian Cretaceous marine reptile fauna comprises one family of ichthyosaurs (Ophthalmosauridae), as many as five families of plesiosaur (Rhomaleosauridae, Pliosauridae, Polycotylidae, Elasmosauridae and possibly Cryptoclididae or Cimoliasauridae sensu Acta Zool. Fenn. 213 (2001)), one family of chelonioid sea turtle (Protostegidae) and indeterminate mosasaurids. Although few named Australian species may be regarded as valid, the stratigraphic distribution of taxa correlates well with that from elsewhere. Plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs dominate Lower Cretaceous deposits with plesiosaurs showing a high taxonomic diversity (including the earliest known polycotylids), particularly in the Aptian. Albian faunas see the advent of chelonioid turtles with a corresponding reduction in plesiosaur diversity (through the loss of rhomaleosaurids) and a marked increase in the numbers of ichthyosaur remains. Upper Cretaceous units have produced only fragmentary specimens of primarily plesiosaurs and mosasaurs with ichthyosaurs limited to rocks of Cenomanian age. Kebang, Lin and Rieppel, Oliver; 1998 Functional morphology and ontogeny of Keichousaurus hui (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) ; Fieldiana: Geology (New Series) ; 39 Kebang, Lin; 1994 Functional morphology and phylogeny of Keichousaurus hui (Sauropterygia; Reptilia) ; PhD Thesis (McGill University Kecke; 1896 ? ; ? Kellner, Alexander W. A. and Mader, Bryn J.; 1997 Archosaur teeth from the Cretaceous of Morocco ; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ; 71 (Number 3) ; 525-527 Kemp, Tom; 1985 Relationships between reptiles ; Nature ; 317 (24 OCT 1985) ; 669 Kendal, F.; 1816 A descriptive catalogue of the minerals and fossil remains of Scarborough and the vicinity . . . Keyes, C. R.; 1894 A Bibliography of North American Paleontology 1888-1892 ; United States Geological Survey ; Bulletin No. 121 ; 1-251 Keyes, C. R.; 1981 The Waimakarin River (Otarama) vertebrate (,,Lingula") horizon; its significance and the saga of its age determination ; Geological Society of New Zealand newsletter ; 53 ; 33-38. Keyes, I. W.; 1984 Joan Wiffen and the Mangahouanga Stream reptiles: a profile. ; Geological Society of New Zealand newsletter ; 63 ; 29-32 Kiprijanoff, W.; 1882 Studien uber die Fossilen Reptilien Russlands. II Teil. Gattung Plesiosaurus Conybeare aus dem Sewerischen Sandstein oder Osteolith der Kreidegruppe ; M‚moires de l'Acad‚mie Imp‚riale des Science St P‚tersburg ; 7 (XXX) ; 1-57 Kiprijanoff, W.; 1883 Studien uber die Fossilen Reptilien Russlands. III Teil. Gruppe Thaumatosauria n. aus der Kreide-Formation und dem Moskaure Jura ; M‚moires de l'Acad‚mie Imp‚riale des Science St P‚tersburg ; 7 ( XXXI) ; 1-29 Kito, N., Kaiho, K., Takahashi, K. and Wada, N.; 1986 Geologic age of the plesiosaurian fossil from Hobetsu-cho, Hokkadio, Japan ; Bulletin of Hobetsu Museum ; 3 ; 1-7 Knight, W. C.; 1890 Some new Jurassic vertebrates ; American Journal of Science ; 160 ; 115-119 Knight, W. C.; 1895 A New Jurassic Pleiosaur from Wyoming ; Science ; 2 ; 449 Knight, W. C.; 1898 Some new Jurassic Vertebrates from Wyoming ; American Journal of Science ; 378-381 Knight, W. C.; 1900 Jurassic rocks of Southeastern Wyoming ; Bulletin of the Geological Society of America ; II ; 377-388 Koken, E and Linder, H.; 1913 Osteologische Notizen ber Muraenosaurus ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Mineralogie, Geologie und Pal"ontologie, Beilage-Band Abt. B ; 1913 (1) ; 101-115 Koken, E; 1887 Die Dinoaurier, Crocodiliden und Sauropterygier des Norddeutschen Wealden ; Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, DB ; Heft 5 ; 3-111 Koken, E; 1893 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Nothosaurus ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; 45 ; 337-377 Koken, E; 1896 Die Reptilien der norddeutschen Wealden ; Nachtrag. Geol. Pal. Abh. ; 7 ; 117-126 Koken, E; 1905 Neue Plesiosaurierreste aus dem norddeutschen Wealden ; Centralbalt. Min. Geol. Pal: ; 681-693 Kooser, Marilyn A.; 1985 Paleocene plesiosaur? ; 43-48 ; in : Geologic investigations along Interstate 15; Cajon Pass to Manix Lake, California Koster, J.; 1977 Creature feature ; Oceans ; 10 (6) ; 56-59 Kovac, Patsy; 1981 White Cliffs and Opal ; Australian Gem and Treasure Hunter ; 60 ; 26-32 Krueger, Fritz J.; 1998 Von Plesiosauriern und Belemniten; aus Braunschweigs Urzeit ; Arbeitskreis Palaeontologie Hannover ; 26 (1) ; 8--14 Krzic, Berislav; 2003 Velikanski morski reptili iz obdobja mezozoica ; Zivljenje in tehnika (marec 2003) ; 67-74 Kuga, N.; 1984 Notes on Cretaceous shark tooth associated with Plesiosauroid Reptile form Hobetsu-cho, Hakkaido ; Bulletin of Hobetsu Museum ; 1 ; 33-36 Kuhn, Oskar; (date unknown) Ein euartiger Reptilwirbel aus dem Kupferschiefer. Kuhn, Oskar; (date unknown) Uber die Fauna der Bitumina von Campione. Kuhn, Oskar; (date unknown) Beitrage zur Keukperfauna von Halberstadt. Kuhn, Oskar; 1934 ; in : Sauropterygia Kuhn, Oskar; 1935 Sauropterygia. Fossilium Catalogus. I: Animalia ; Pars 69 ; 127 pp Kuhn, Oskar; 1937 Die fossilien Reptilien Kuhn, Oskar; 1948 Der Artbegriff in der Palaontolgie ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 41 ; 389-421 Kuhn, Oskar; 1952 Ein Sauopteygier aus dem Ducantal (Kt.Graubunden). ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 2 ; 315-319 Kuhn, Oskar; 1958 Ein Nothosauriden-Wirbel aus dem Oberen Muschelkalk. Kuhn, Oskar; 1959a Die phylogenetische Bedeutung des Wirbelbaus der altesten Tetrapoden ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 24-33 Kuhn, Oskar; 1959b Die Ordnungen der fossilen "Amphhibien" und "Reptilen" ; Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaontologie ; 337-347 Kuhn, Oskar; 1961 ? ; ? Kuhn, Oskar; 1963 Sauropterygia ; Fossilium Catalogus ; 106 ; 1-72 Kuhn, Oskar; 1964 Fossilium Catalogus, Sauropterygia ; Ysel Press, Deventer, Netherlands ; 106 ; 1-72 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1959 Ein neuer Pachypleurosaurier von der Stulseralp bei Bergun (Kt.Graubunde, Schweiz). ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 52 ; 634-658 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1961 Der Schadel von Simosaurus ; Pal"ont. Z. ; 35 (3/4) ; 95-113 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1962 La position des Nothosaurides dans le systeme des Reptiles ; Problemens actueles de Paleontologie (Evolution des Vertebres) ; 104 ; 135-144 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1964 Die Wirbeltierfauan der Trias der Tessiner Kalkalpen. ; Geolgische Rundschau ; Heft 1 ; 393-412 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1966 Der Schadel von Para Nothosaurus amsleri PEYER aus dem Grenzbitumenhorizont der anisisch-landinischen Stufe der Trias des Monte San Giorgio (Kt. Tessin, Schweiz) ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 59 ; 517-540 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1987 Die Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalpen; XXVI, Lariosaurus lavizzarii n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) ; Schweizerische Palaeontologische Abhandlungen Memoires Suisses de Paleontologie ; 110 ; 1--24 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1989 Sauropterygia und Placodontia (Reptilia) ; Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae ; 82 (3) ; 1049--1052 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1990 Ueber Nothosauria (Sauropterygia, Reptilia); ein Diskussionsbeitrag ; Palaeontologische Zeitschrift ; 64 (3-4) ; 313--316 Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil; 1994 Bemerkungen uber Pachypleurosaurier aus der Mitteltrias des Monte San Giorgio, Schweiz ; Ecolgae geol. Helv. ; 87 (No. 3) ; 1023-1027 Kunisch, H.; 1888 Ueber eine Saurierplatte aus dem oberschlesischen Muschelkalke ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. ; 40 ; 671 Kuphos; 1893 ? References L Lambe, L. M.; 1902a New genera and species from the Belly River Series (Mid-Cretaceous). Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, Vol. III. Geol. Surv. Can: 22-81. Lambe, V. F.; 1902b New Vertebrates of the Mid-Cretaceous ; Science ; 408 ; 673-676 Lambe, L. M.; 1911 Presidential Address-The Past Vertebrate Life of Canada ; Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada ; IV ; 3-15 Lambe, L. M.; 1914a Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology ; Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines ; Calendar year of 1912 ; 397-403 Lambe, L. M.; 1914b Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology. Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines for the Calendar year of 1913: 293-299. Lambe, L. M.; 1915 Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology ; Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines ; Calendar year of 1914 ; 116-121 Lambe, L. M.; 1916 Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology ; Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines ; Calendar year of 1915 ; 193-198 Lane, H. H.; 1947 A Survey of the Fossil Vertebrates of Kansas Part III: The Reptiles ; Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ; 49 (3) ; 289-332 Lang; 1959 Lange-Badre, Brigitte and Pajaud, Daniel; 1975 Decouverte de Plesiosauriens, au sein d'une taphocoenose benthique, dans le Jurassique superieur de la region de Cahors (Lot) ; Reunion Annuelle des Sciences de la Terre ; 3 ; 24 Lankamp, J.; 2002 Bijtsporen op een sauri‰rbot uit Winterswijk. [Bite-marks on a saurier bone from Winterswijk] ; Grondboor en Hamer ; 56 ; 26-27 Larson, Neil L.; 1958 Larson, Peter L., Larson, Neil L. and Farrar, Robert A.; 1991 The Pierre Shale and its Macrofauna ; Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc ; 1-18 Lazo, Dario G. and Cichowolski, Marcela; 2001 First Early Cretaceous pleisosaur remains from the Neuquen Basin, west-central Argentina ; Ameghiniana ; 38 (4, Suppl.) ; 11 ; in : XVII jornadas Argentinas de paleontologia de vertebrados; resumenes Ed(s) : Marcelo F. Tejedor and Luis Arias and Gabriel Mart Lazo, Dario G. and Cichowolski, Marcela; 2003 First plesiosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuqu‚n Basin, Argentina ; Journal of Paleontology ; 77 ; 784-789 Abstract PLESIOSAURS constitute a monophyletic group whose stratigraphical range is uppermost Triassic to uppermost Cretaceous (Brown, 1981). They were large predatory marine reptiles, highly adapted for submarine locomotion, with powerful paddle-like limbs and heavily reinforced limb girdles (Saint-Seine, 1955; Romer, 1966; Carroll, 1988; Benton, 1990). The Plesiosauria clade belongs to the Sauropterygia, which has recently been hypothesized as the sister-group of the Ichthyosauria. Together with that clade they form the Euryapsida (Caldwell, 1997). The Sauropterygia can be subdivided into relatively plesiomorphic stem-group taxa from the Triassic (Placodonts, Nothosauroids, and Pistosauroids), and the obligatorily marine crown-group Plesiosauria (Rieppel, 1999). Plesiosaurs are traditionally divided into two superfamilies: Plesiosauroidea, with usually small heads and long necks; and Pliosauroidea, with larger heads and shorter necks (Welles, 1943; Persson, 1963; Brown, 1981). Plesiosauroidea contains three families: Plesiosauridae, Cryptoclididae, and Elasmosauridae (Brown, 1981; Brown and Cruickshank, 1994). The validity of the Polycotylidae Cope, 1869, has long been questioned and its phylogenetic position among Plesiosauria debated, as many consider it to be related to the Pliosauridae or to be a sister-group of the Elasmosauridae (Sato and Storrs, 2000; O'Keefe, 2001). Plesiosaurs have an almost worldwide distribution in the Jurassic and Late Cretaceous, being especially abundant in Europe (Andrews, 1910; Brown, 1981; Bardet, 1995) and North America, respectively (Welles, 1943, 1952). It is worth mentioning the scarcity of these reptiles in the cosmopolitan Lower Cretaceous (Welles, 1962; Gasparini and Gon~i, 1985; Cruickshank, 1997). The only known elasmosaurid genera from this time are Brancasaurus Wegner, 1914, from the Berriasian of Germany (Wegner, 1914) and Alzadasaurus Welles, 1943, from the Aptian of Colombia (Welles, 1962; Gon~i and Gasparini, 1983). No remains of this family have been described from Valanginian or Hauterivian ages. The oldest recorded plesiosaurs of South America are from the Sinemurian of Northern Chile (Gasparini and Ferna'ndez, 1996), and the latest ones are from the Maastrichtian of Argentina (Cabrera, 1941; Gasparini and De la Fuente, 2000; Gasparini and Salgado, 2000, Gasparini et al., 2001), Chile (Casamiquela, 1969; Gasparini, 1979), and Brazil (Carvalho and Azevedo, 1998). In Argentina, the plesiosaurs range from Early Bajocian to Maastrichtian. The Jurassic plesiosaur records consist of bajocian, callovian, and tithonian pliosaurids, and callovian cryptoclidids and elasmosaurids from the Neuque'n basin (Gasparini et al., 1982, 1997, 1999; Gasparini and Spalletti, 1993; Gasparini and Ferna'ndez, 1996; Gasparini, 1997; Spalletti et al., 1999). Cretaceous elasmosaurids and polycotylids are reported from the Campanian- Maastrichtian Atlantic transgression deposits of northern and central Patagonia (Gasparini and De la Fuente, 2000; Gasparini and Salgado, 2000; Gasparini et al., 2001), but until now, there were non Lower Cretaceous records. The aim of this work is to report the first Lower Cretaceous plesiosaur remains from Argentina. Lazurkin, D V and Ochev, V. G.; 1968 [First discovery of Sauropterygian remains in the Triassic of the USSR] ; Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal ; 1968 ; 141-142 Leeds, E. T.; 1956 The Leeds Collection of fossil reptiles from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough ; 104pp Lees, Tempe; 1986 Catalogue of type, figured and mentioned fossil fish, amphibians and reptiles held by the Queensland Museum ; Memoirs of the Queensland Museum ; 22 (Number 2) ; 265-288 Leidy, J.; 1851 Decscriptions of fossils ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 5 ; 72 Leidy, J.; 1852 Descriptions of Delphinus conradi and Thoracosaurus grandis ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 6 ; 35 Leidy, J.; 1854 On Brimosaurus grandis and Cimolasaurus magnus. ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 7 ; 72 Leidy, J.; 1854a [On Brimosaurus grandis and Cimolasaurus magnus .] ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 7 ; 72 Leidy, J.; 1854b = Discosaurus grandis (LEIDY 1854) Leidy, J.; 1856 Notices of remains of extinct vertebrate animals of New Jersey, collected by Prof. Cook of the State Geological Survey, under the direction of Dr. W. Kitchen. ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 8 ; 220-221 Leidy, J.; 1860 Extinct Vertebrata from the Judith River and great lignite formations of Nebraska. ; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. ; 11 ; 139-154 Leidy, J.; 1864 Cretaceous Reptiles of the United states ; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge ; 192 ; 1-135 Leidy, J.; 1865 Memoir on the extinct reptiles of the Cretaceous formations of the United States ; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge ; XIV (6) ; 1-135 Leidy, J.; 1865a Brief review of a memoir of the Cretaceous reptiles of the United States, published in the fourteeth volume of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. ; Ann. Rep. Board Regenta Smithsonian Inst ; 1864 ; 66-73 Leidy, J.; 1865b Cimoliosaurus magnus ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Leidy, J.; 1870a On Discosaurus and its allies ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; 22 ; 18-32 Leidy, J.; 1870b On the Elasmosaurus platyurus of Cope ; American Journal of Science ; 2 (147) ; 392 Leidy, J.; 1872 Oligosimus grandaevus ; ? Leidy, J.; 1873 Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories. Part 1 ; report of the American United States Geological Survey of the Terriories Leonardi, Giuseppe; 1984 I rettili mesozoici Italiani ; 197-203 ; in : Sulle orme dei dinosauri Lewis, A. D.; 2002 Class 22: Bayesian Approach to Phylogenetics ; in : EEB 372 Lectures Abstract The Bayesian approach to phylogenetics builds upon a likelihood foundation: the posterior distribution upon which Bayesian inference is based is directly proportional to the product of the prior distribution and the likelihood. The likelihood models already discussed in this course thus play